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CAMPBELL
BIOLOGY
Outline
TENTH
EDITION
Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson
1
Evolution, the
Themes of Biology,
and Scientific Inquiry
Dr Burns
NVC
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Introduction
Class organization, exams, grading
Levels of Organization
Energy
Characteristics of life.
Evolution
How do we organize the biological world
How do we study biology? What is the
scientific method, how do we set up an
experiment.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Introduction
 I received my:
 BS in Zoology at UC Davis
 Masters in Ecology at UC Davis
 PhD in Pharmacology and Toxicology at UC
Davis
 Then I volunteered at UC Davis Raptor Center
Internships
 Internships are a great way to find out if you
really enjoy working in your chosen field.
 I wanted to be a veterinarian – until I worked at
the UC Davis Vet School
 My last summer as an undergraduate I did an
internship with the National Park and UC Davis in
Yosemite
 I found my niche
1
 I knew that I wanted to work as a field
biologist with birds of prey.
 When I graduated I went to work for the
Peregrine Fund releasing young birds into
the wild
UC Santa Cruz
 My work with the peregrine falcons led me
back to UC Davis.
 I received a masters degree from the Ecology
Graduate Group – emphasis on toxicology
 But I still had many more questions, I needed
more knowledge. My interest in metabolism
increased.
Prairie and Peregrine Falcons
 Back to Graduate School for the PhD
 Now I had more focus, and more
background knowledge from the years of
research at UC Santa Cruz and the
masters program at Davis.
 Advice: Get involved in internships
2
Course Overview
 Biol 120 is a general biology class for science
majors
 This class will focus on the cellular and
molecular aspects of biology
 After this class you will take Zoology and/or
Botany.
 The prerequisite for this class is Chemistry
120. You will need a good understanding of
basic chemistry including metric system,
molarity, atoms, and bonding
The Path to Success
 Lecture attendance is critical for success in this
course, most of the material that you are
required to master is given in lecture.
 Come to lecture prepared. Read the assigned
chapter before lecture.
 Do the homework assigned on the Mastering
Biology website.
 Review material after each class, focus on the
“important concepts”. Make study notes.
 Study daily, don’t cram for exams.
 Come to office hours
Exams
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There are four lecture exams and one final exam.
The final will be comprehensive
There will be two lab practical exams.
There may be pop quizzes given in class and
lab. The quizzes will not be announced ahead of
time. They are given at the start or end of
class/lab. There is no make-up for missed pop
quizzes (Come to class/lab on time)
 There will be homework assigned on the
Mastering Biology website
 Exams will cover: The lectures and reading
Late Exams
 If you have to miss an exam, you must contact me
before the exam. If you have a documented
medical excuse, you may make up the exam.
 But you must contact me before the scheduled
exam. If you don’t contact me before the
scheduled exam you will receive zero points for the
exam.
 There will be no make up exams for the final, you
will receive zero points if you miss the final.
 There are no make ups for the lab practicals
Early Exams
 If you need to take the exam early, contact me as
soon as possible.
 In order to take an early final you must receive
written approval from the Office of Instruction and
myself.
 Early exams will only be allowed in rare cases.
Exams
 If you miss an exam and don’t contact me
before the scheduled exam you will receive
zero points for the exam.
 You may leave a message for me on my
phone, or the biology dept phone number or
email me.
 All make-up exams are given during the last
week of lecture (the week before finals).
3
Cheating
 Cheating will not be tolerated
 If you cheat you will receive a zero for the
exam and your name will be given to the VP of
student services. A second incident will result
in a zero in course.
 During exams, all packs, bags, phones, notes,
jackets, hats, etc will be left at the front of the
class.
 If you have notes or a cell phone with you at
your desk during an exam you will receive a
zero for the exam.
Course Points
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Midterm Exams = 150 points (600 pts total)
Final Exam = 200 pts
Lab exams = 60 points each (120 pts total)
Quizzes = 5 -10 points each
Lab Participation= 28 points
Homework = 5-20
Mastering Biology = 50 points
In general the course will be graded on a
straight 90, 80, 70, 60%
Lab
 Occasionally laboratory time may be used to
cover material that will be covered in the lecture
exam.
Cheating
 If you copy answers from another student you
will be given a zero for the exam/homework.
 Plagiarism is a form of cheating, if you copy
information from the internet, books, friends, etc
and use it as your own work in a report, you will
receive zero points.
 If you cheat, a report will be submitted to the VP
of Student Services.
Lab
 There will be 2 exams given in the laboratory,
covering the material in laboratory.
 Read the lab assignment prior to the lab.
How many lecture exams (not including the final) are there
1.
2.
3.
4.
One
Two
Three
Four
 I will check lab notebooks at the end of each lab
period – therefore to get the points for the lab
you need to be present at the beginning and the
end of each lab
4
Is the final comprehensive?
Can you take an exam early?
1. Yes
2. No
1. Yes
2. No
3. Possibly, if you
contact me early,
and have
permission from
the appropriate
people
33%
33%
s
Ye
33%
No
,i
ly
ou
fy
t
ac
nt
co
e
m
...
ib
ss
Po
Can you make up missed quizzes
Can you take an exam late?
33% 33% 33%
1. Sure – no problem
2. No possible way
3. Yes, if you contact me
before the scheduled
exam, and have a
documented medical
excuse
Su
re
–
no
l
ob
pr
em
N
o
s
po
b
si
le
w
Ye
ay
s,
Levels of Biological Organization
y
if
ou
ac
nt
co
1. Yes
2. No
3. Yes, with a medical
excuse
33% 33% 33%
Ye
...
tm
s
N
Ye
Figure 1.4
o
s,
ith
w
a
m
ic
ed
al
...
The biosphere
Tissues
Ecosystems
Atom
Organ System
Molecule
Organism
Organelle
Cell
Organs and
organ systems
Population
Community
Communities
Organelles
Ecosystem
Tissue
Organisms
Cells
Atoms
Biosphere
Organ
Populations
Molecules
5
Figure 1.4j
Figure 1.4i
Chloroplast
Atoms
Chlorophyll
molecule
1 m
Organelles
Molecules
Molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded
together, atoms are the smallest unit of an element.
Figure 1.4h
Organelles are membrane-bound internal compartment
in cells for specialized functions
Figure 1.4g
Cell
10 m
50 m
The cell is the smallest unit with the capacity to live and
reproduce independently or as part of a multi-celled
organism
Figure 1.4f
Organs are a combination of tissues that function
together for a particular function.
Tissues are organized collections of cells that function
together in a specialized function
Figure 1.4e
Multi-celled Organism = Individual consisting of
interdependent cells typically organized in tissues,
organs, and organ system
6
Figure 1.4d
Figure 1.4c
Communities are populations of all species living
together in the same area
A population is a group of individuals of the same
species, living together in the same area
Figure 1.4b
Figure 1.4a
An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a
particular area, along with all the nonliving components
of the environment with which life interacts.
Biosphere: All regions of the Earth’s crust, water, and
atmosphere with all the living species.
All of the gray squirrels that inhabit Skyline
Park describes a/an:
Life Requires the Transfer and
Transformation of Energy and Matter
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ecosystem
Biosphere
Community
Population
20%
1
20%
20%
2
3
20%
4
20%
 The input of energy from the sun and the
transformation of energy from one form to
another make life possible
 When organisms use energy to perform work,
some energy is lost to the surroundings as
heat
 As a result, energy flows through an
ecosystem, usually entering as light and
exiting as heat
5
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
7
Figure 1.9
ENERGY FLOW
Chemicals
pass to
organisms
that eat the
plants.
Light
energy
Chemical
energy
Heat
Plants take
up chemicals
from the soil
and air.
Decomposers
return
chemicals
to the soil.
Chemicals
Organisms Interact with Other Organisms
and the Physical Environment
 Every organism interacts with its environment,
including nonliving factors and other organisms
 Both organisms and their environments are
affected by the interactions between them
 For example, a tree takes up water and minerals
from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air; the
tree releases oxygen to the air
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.5
Figure 1.6
Sunlight
Leaves absorb
light energy from
the sun.
CO2
Leaves take in
carbon dioxide
from the air
and release
oxygen.
Sunlight
O2
Water and
minerals in
the soil are
taken up by
the tree
through
its roots.
When energy is used
to do work, some
energy is converted to
thermal energy, which
is lost as heat.
An animal’s muscle
cells convert
chemical energy
from food to kinetic
energy, the energy
of motion.
Chemical
energy
Cycling
of
chemical
nutrients
Leaves fall to
the ground and
are decomposed
by organisms
that return
minerals to the
soil.
Heat
Producers absorb light
energy and transform it into
chemical energy.
Chemical energy in
food is transferred
from plants to
consumers.
Animals eat
leaves and fruit
from the tree.
Structure and Function Are Correlated at All
Levels of Biological Organization: Form Fits
Function.
(a) Energy flow from sunlight to
producers to consumers
A plant’s cells use
chemical energy to do
work such as growing
new leaves.
(b) Using energy to do work
Figure 1.7
 Structure and function of living organisms are closely
related
 For example, a leaf is thin and flat, maximizing the
capture of light by chloroplasts
(a) Wings
(b) Wing bones
 For example, the structure of a bird’s wing is adapted
to flight
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
8
Is it alive?
 But sometimes it is not as easy to tell
 Sounds like an easy question to answer.
 Usually we can look at something and know if it
alive.
Looking closer you see signs of life
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
1. Contain biological molecules including:
Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and
lipids
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
2. Cellular
 Cells are the smallest unit of life

Some organisms are composed of only one
cells (unicellular)

Other organisms are composed of many
cells (multicellular)
9
The Cell Is an Organism’s Basic Unit of
Structure and Function
 The cell is the lowest level of organization that
can perform all activities required for life
 All cells
 Are enclosed by a membrane
 Use DNA as their genetic information
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.8
Eukaryotic cell
Membrane
 A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed
organelles, the largest of which is usually the
nucleus
Prokaryotic cell
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Cytoplasm
 By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and
usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or
other membrane-enclosed organelles
Nucleus
(membraneenclosed)
Membraneenclosed organelles
DNA (throughout
nucleus)
1 m
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
3. Reproduce
 Simple one celled animals may reproduce
asexually by dividing in half – producing two
identical cells
 More complex multi-celled organisms may
reproduce sexually, when genetic material
is combined to produce a unique individual
organism
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
4. Acquire and use energy - Metabolism

Metabolism is all the chemical reactions
that occur in a living organism

Energy is taken in and used to perform
work
10
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
5. Growth and Development

Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
6. Respond to environment
 Living organisms detect stimuli and
respond to it. This can include
movement
Feedback Mechanisms Regulate Biological
Systems
Through metabolism, organisms obtain
energy from nutrients and use this energy
to grow and development
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
7. Maintain Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the relatively constant and selfcorrecting internal environment of living
organisms
Animation: Negative Feedback
 Feedback mechanisms allow biological processes to
self-regulate
 Negative feedback means that as more of a product
accumulates, the process that creates it slows and
less of the product is produced
 Positive feedback means that as more of a product
accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up
and more of the product is produced
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
11
Animation: Positive Feedback
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
8. Populations of living organisms evolve and
have adaptive traits
 Adaptive traits are those traits that
help you survive and reproduce
 Members of the population that have
adaptive traits survive better than
members that lack those traits
Which of the following is not necessarily a
characteristic of life?
1. respond to environmental
changes
2. metabolism
3. multicellular
4. reproduction
What is the lowest level of biological
organization that can perform all the
activities required for life?
25% 25% 25% 25%
20%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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la
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
20%
20%
20%
20%
organelle
cell
tissue
organ system
organism
n
io
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du
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1.
ne
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2.
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3.
t is
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4.
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5.
ni
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sm
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Evolution, the Overarching Theme of Biology
 Organisms are modified descendants of common
ancestors
 Evolution explains patterns of unity and diversity in
living organisms
 Similar traits among organisms are explained by
descent from common ancestors
Classifying the Diversity of Life
 Approximately 1.8 million species have been
identified and named to date, and thousands
more are identified each year
 Estimates of the total number of species that
actually exist range from 10 million to over 100
million
 Differences among organisms are explained by
the accumulation of heritable changes
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
12
Taxonomy
Taxonomy
 Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names
and classifies species into groups of increasing
breadth
 Taxonomy is the science of naming and
classifying organisms
 Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the broadest
units of classification
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.15
(a) Domain Bacteria
 Bacteria – (Eubacteria) prokaryotic (no nucleus)
 Archaea – prokaryotic (no nucleus)
 Eukarya – Eukaryotic, have a nucleus
2 m
 Three domains:
(b) Domain Archaea
2 m
Three Domains
(c) Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
100 m
Kingdom Plantae
Protists
Kingdom Fungi
Figure 1.15a
Figure 1.15b
(a) Domain Bacteria
2 m
2 m
(b) Domain Archaea
13
Figure 1.15c
Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya:
 Protist – most are unicellular, all are eukaryotic
(c) Domain Eukarya
 Protozoans, algae, water mold, slime mold
Kingdom Animalia
 Plantae – multicellular, produce their own food
using photosynthesis, eukaryotic, have cell walls
 Fungi – do not photosynthesize, absorb nutrients
through hyphae, eukaryotic, have cell walls
 Animalia – multicellular, ingest other organisms for
food, eukaryotic, lack cell walls
Figure 1.14
Species
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
100 m
Kingdom Plantae
Protists
Kingdom Fungi
Binomial system
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
 Binomial system of nomenclature
Ursus
 Names and classifies organisms
 Basic unit is a species
 Closely related species are grouped together in
a genus (plural = genera)
 Each species assigned a two-part name:
 Name = genus and species (in italics)
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
Example
 Gray wolf = Canis lupus (C. lupus)
 Red wolf = Canis rufus (C. rufus)
 Coyote = Canis latrans (C. latrans)
 All of these are members of the Canis genus
Unity in the Diversity of Life
 A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for
example
 DNA is the universal genetic language common
to all organisms
 Unity is evident in many features of cell structure
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
14
Figure 1.16
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural
Selection
15 m
5 m
 Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species
by Means of Natural Selection in 1859
 Darwin made two main points
Cilia of
 Species showed evidence of “descent with
modification” from common ancestors
 Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent
with modification”
Cilia of
windpipe
cells
Paramecium
0.1 m
Cross section of a cilium, as viewed
with an electron microscope
 Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and
diversity
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1.16
Darwin’s Observations
1. There is variation between individuals in a
species
2. Organisms produce more offspring than can
survive
3. Species suit their environments
Population Dynamics
Fig. 1.8
 Malthus proposed that populations
increase geometrically but human food
supplies increase arithmetically.
POPULATION
FOOD SUPPLY
15
Natural Selection
Figure 1.20
 From Darwin’s observations he inferred that:
 Organisms compete for resources, those with
adaptive traits are better able to survive
 The survivors will produce more offspring and pass
the adaptations on to their offspring
1 Population with
varied inherited
traits
 Evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive
success of individuals
2 Elimination of
individuals with
certain traits
3 Reproduction of
survivors
4 Increasing
frequency of
traits that
enhance
survival and
reproductive
success
Evolution
 In other words, the environment “selects”
for the propagation of beneficial traits
 Darwin called this process natural selection
 Evolution is a genetically based change in a
population over successive generations
Fig. 1.6
 Darwin proposed that natural selection could cause
an ancestral species to give rise to two or more
descendent species
 For example, the finch species of the Galápagos
Islands are descended from a common ancestor
 Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated with
treelike diagrams that show ancestors and their
descendents
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
16
Insect-eaters
Green warbler finch
Certhidea olivacea
Evolution
Gray warbler finch
Certhidea fusca
Bud-eater
Seed-eater
COMMON
ANCESTOR
Warbler finches
Figure 1.22
Sharp-beaked
ground finch
Geospiza difficilis
Vegetarian finch
Platyspiza crassirostris
 Population = A group of individuals of the
same species, living together in the same area
Mangrove finch
Cactospiza heliobates
Tree finches
Insect-eaters
Woodpecker finch
Cactospiza pallida
Medium tree finch
Camarhynchus pauper
Large tree finch
Camarhynchus psittacula
Small tree finch
Camarhynchus parvulus
Seed-eaters
Ground finches
Cactus-flowereaters
Large cactus
ground finch
Geospiza conirostris
 A species is one kind of similar organisms
whose members can interbreed with each
other, and are reproductively isolated from
other groups.
Cactus ground finch
Geospiza scandens
Small ground finch
Geospiza fuliginosa
Medium ground finch
Geospiza fortis
 Populations can evolve (change over time) and
adapt to its environment
Large ground finch
Geospiza
magnirostris
Evolution
 There are differences between organisms in
a population
 Adaptations = characteristics that give an
organism an advantage – increasing its
chance to survive and reproduce.
The Tree of Life
 “Unity in diversity” arises from “descent with
modification”
 For example, the forelimb of the bat, human, and
horse and the whale flipper all share a common
skeletal architecture
 Fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical
unity from descent with modification
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Evidence for Evolution






Fossil Record
Age of the Earth – 4.5 billion years old
Life on Earth – 3.5 billion years old
Genetics
Comparative anatomy
Molecular evidence – DNA, proteins
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural
Selection
 Fossils and other
evidence document
the evolution of life on
Earth over billions of
years
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
17
Fig. 1.10
Important concepts
 Reading for next lecture: Chapter 2
 Know the vocabulary covered in the lecture
 What are the characteristics of living organisms
 Know the definition of evolution and natural
selection, the observations and inferences
Darwin made that led to his theory, the evidence
for evolution
 Understand taxonomic classification (domains,
kingdom, phylum, etc), binomial system.
Characteristics of the domains and kingdom
Important concepts
 Know the definition of evolution and natural
selection, the observations and inferences
Darwin made that led to his theory, the
evidence for evolution
 Understand taxonomic classification
(domains, kingdom, phylum, etc), binomial
system. Characteristics of the domains and
kingdoms
18