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Anatomy/Physiology Study Guide Unit 8- Digestive System Words to digest and define: Cellulose is called FIBER on food labels. alimentary canal- digestive system “tube” from mouth to anus bolus- chewed up ball of food in mouth (& through esophagus) peristalsis- muscular movements moving material through digestive system (esophagus through large intestine) rugae- folds of the stomach chyme- chewed up food in stomach Some tasty tidbits to answer: 1. Complete the following table: Macromolecule (polymer) Starts digestion in the Ends digestion in the proteins carbohydrates Nucleic acids Lipids (fats) Small intestine Small intestine Small intestine Small intestine Stomach Mouth Small intestine Small intestine End products of digestion (monomers) Amino acids Monosaccharides nucleotides Glycerol & fatty acids chains 2. Differentiate between chemical digestion and mechanical digestion. -chemical: enzymes! -mechanical: smashing (teeth; stomach) 3. The following enzymes digest (break the bonds of) what type of macromolecule? salivary amylase- carbohydrates pancreatic amylase- carbohydrates lipases- lipids nucleases- nucleic acids proteases- proteins pepsin- protease example (in stomach) o How is pepsinogen different than pepsin? pepsinogen is inactive (needs HCl) 4. List three of the five functions of saliva. 1) moisten food 2) taste possible 3) cleanses the mouth 4) begins chemical digestion of carb’s 5) bind food 5. List and briefly describe the functions of the four layers of the alimentary canal. Mucosa (most inside layer) in intestines, forms villi Submucosa loose connective tissue Muscular movement (peristalsis) Serosa protection 6. What enzyme begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates? amylase 7. What is the function of the: cardiac sphincter- top of stomach (keep chyme out of esophagus) pyloric sphincter- bottom of stomach (regulate chyme movement into duodenum) 8. Where are all the following cells located? STOMACH What do they specifically secrete (indicate below)? chief cells: pepsinogen parietal cells: hydrochloric acid (HCl) goblet cells: mucus 9. Besides killing bacteria on your food, what is the role of the hydrochloric acid in your stomach? Activates pepsinogen into pepsin 10. Where does the pancreatic duct connect into and what does it carry (what’s in pancreatic juice)? Duodenum; digestive enzymes!! (for all 4 types of macromolecules) AND bicarbonate solution 11. When acidic chyme enters the duodenum, what series of secretion is activated? (Ex: acidic chyme causes the SMALL INTESTINE CELLS to release SECRETIN into THE BLOOD STREAM . This in turn causes… The pancreas to release bicarbonate solution (which will neutralize the acidity of the chyme). 12. Proteins and fats in chyme also lead to a series of reactions. Describe them. (Ex: proteins and fats in chyme causes the SMALL INTESTINE CELLS to release CCK into THE BLOOD STREAM . This in turn causes… The pancreas to release digestive enzymes (which will chemically digest the food in the chyme). 13. What processes are the liver involved in for your body to function? ● metabolizing carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; ● storage of some substances (ex: glucose, amino acids); ● filtering the blood (ex: old RBCs); ● destroying toxins (ex: alcohol); ● producing bile. 14. How is the liver specifically involved in digestion? Produces bile 15. What is bile and what does it contain? Bile is the fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; it contains: * bile salts * bile pigments * cholesterol * electrolytes 16. What stimulates bile to enter the duodenum? Fats in food 17. What are the functions of bile salts? Emulsify fats (breaks big fat into smaller fats) 18. What does “emulsify” mean? Break into smaller pieces (ex: drinking glass is shattered into smaller shards of glass if it is dropped) 19. What is the function of the gall bladder? Store bile until fatty foods enter the duodenum 20. What are gallstones? Crystalized cholesterol 21. What are the three divisions of the small intestine? Duodenum jejunum ileum 22. Where does the majority of chemical digestion occur? Small intestines 23. What is the function of villi? Increase surface area of small intestines 24. How do insulin and glucagon regulate plasma levels? (This should be a review for you!) If blood glucose levels are too high, insulin is released. Insulin causes glucose in the blood to enter the cells of the body so that it can be converted by the mitochondria into ATP energy. Excess glucose is converted to glycogen which is then stored in the liver. Blood sugar returns to its set point. After time passes and the blood glucose levels are too low, the hormone glucagon is released which causes the glycogen in the liver to be converted back into individual glucose molecules and these are released into the blood stream. This increases the amount of glucose in the blood back up to the set point. 25. What are the functions of the large intestine? Absorb water 26. Besides helping to protect against the colonization of pathogenic bacteria, what product made by the intestinal flora (bacteria naturally found in your large intestine) is beneficial to your digestive system? vitamins What product is unfortunate and annoying? gas 27. Describe the composition of feces. -Water -Electrolytes -Bacteria -Undigested material (ex: cellulose/fiber) -Mucus 28. What causes: heartburn? Acidic chime entering the lower part of the esophagus (cardiac sphincter not closing completely) diarrhea? Peristalsis is too fast so not enough water is being absorbed from the large intestines back into the blood stream. As a result, too much water is in feces. constipation? Peristalsis is too slow so too much water is being absorbed from the large intestines back into the blood stream. As a result, not enough water is in feces. 29. Fill in the following table: Disease/condition Salmonella poisoning E. coli poisoning Crohn’s (IBD) Ulcerative colitis (IBD) Colon cancer Ulcer Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Celiac Disease Hemorrhoids Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 Appendicitis Symptoms See notes for symptoms Cause Bacteria in raw eggs, poultry, food left out Bacteria: usually in undercooked beef but occasionally gets into agriculture immune system attacks alimentary canal immune system colon Uncontrolled cell growth in colon Bacteria causes open wound in stomach or duodenum Not sure but may be caused by too much intestinal squeezing or too little Immune system destroys villi of small intestine Swelling of anal veins Immune system destroys cells in pancreas that make insulin Body no longer responds to insulin properly (result of lifestyle) Inflammation of appendix due to infection