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Cooperative Relationships
Life Science Unit 5 Lesson 13
Attendance link: http://goo.gl/forms/BIaY2ASThZ
Expectations
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Required Class Connects
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Be active and participate in class.
Be respectful to your classmates
Be positive in the chat box and use it correctly.
Have a working microphone!
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Tuesday, Wednesday, & Thursday
10:30-11:30 am
You will need it during the lessons and break out rooms.
If you have a question, please place it in the chat box and repost it if I
don’t see it.
Objective
• Differentiate cooperative and competitive
relationships among organisms (predatorprey, parasitism, mutualism, and
commensalism).
Symbiosis – interaction between two different
organisms living in close physical association, typically
to the advantage of both.
 can include parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism
Symbiosis
• Symbiosis is when two
different species of
organisms live closely
together for an extended
period of time.
– “Sym” = same
– “bio” = life
• There are 3 types of
symbiosis:
– Mutualism
– Commensalism
– Parasitism
Types of Symbiosis
• Mutualism: Both partners benefit from the
relationship (+, +)
• Commensalism: One partner benefits
from the relationship; the other partner is
not affected (+, 0)
• Parasitism: One partner benefits from the
relationship; the other partner is harmed
(+, -)
Types of Symbiosis
• When one partner is really small and lives inside
of the other partner, the other partner is called
the host.
• The really small partner can be called a
mutualist, a commensalist, or a parasite
(depending on the type of relationship).
• Sometimes, the really small partner is called the
symbiont. This is a general term and does not
imply a type of relationship.
Check point
Which term includes the other three?
A. Commensalism
B. Mutualism
C. Symbiosis
D. Parasitism
Symbiosis - Mutualism
• Mutualism is when the
2 organisms both
benefit from the
relationship. (They help
each other.)
• +
Symbiosis – Mutualism - Examples
Mutualism
Both species benefit from the interaction.
Mutualism – two species provide resources or services
to each other  enhances fitness of both species
Flowers and their Pollinators
(examples: Bees and hummingbirds
gather nectar and spread pollen.)
Birds and mammals eat berries and
fruits while the plant benefits by the
dispersal of it seeds.
Algae and Fungi > Lichen - Alga gets
water and nutrients from the fungus
and the fungus gets food from the
algae.
Cleaners eat insect pests from the skin of
animals. (ex: Egyptian plover cleans giraffes
and buffaloes)
Many herbivores such as cows, sheep,
deer, horses and rabbits depend on
bacteria that live in their stomachs to break
down the plant material.
Coral Reefs- The corals get food and
the algae get protection.
Example of Mutualism
• Acacia ants
live in acacia
trees.
• The tree
provides big
hollow thorns
as a home for
the ants.
Example of Mutualism
• The tree also
provides food
for the ants in
yellow
swellings on
the leaves
(red oval).
Example of Mutualism
• The ants
defend the
tree against
herbivores,
both large and
small.
• They attack
insects and
large grazing
herbivores.
Example of Mutualism
• The ants also
clear an area
around the tree
of competing
vegetation.
• Without the ants,
the acacia tree
cannot compete
with other trees.
View it
• https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=X
m2qdxVVRm4
• https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=Ik
Ts0Q3JUls
Check point
Bees use nectar from the flowers of plants as food. As
they collect nectar, dust like pollen grains stick to their
body. When they move from flower to flower, pollen is
transferred to other flowers. The pollen from other
flowers helps the plant make seeds. Which term
describes the relationship between bees and flowering
plants?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Parasitism
Mutualism
Competition
Commensalism
What does the bee help the plant meet/do?
Reproduction
What challenge of life does the plant help the
bee meet?
Acquiring energy
Symbiosis - Commensalism
• Commensalism is when
one of the organisms
benefits from the
relationship, and the
other is not helped or
harmed by it.
•  + unaffected
Symbiosis – Commensalism Examples
Commensalism
Commensalism is a relationship between two
living organisms where one benefits and the
other is neither harmed nor helped.
Commensalism – one species receives a benefit from
another species  enhances fitness of one species; no
effect on fitness of the other species
The clownfish lives among the forest of
tentacles of an anemone and is
protected from potential predators.
Some birds live among cattle to eat the
insects stirred up as they walk. One
example are egrets who hunt for insects
near a grazing animal's mouth.
One animal attaching itself to another for
transportation such as barnacles attach
to shells or whales or a shrimp riding on a
sea slugs.
barnacles on whale’s tail and clam
shrimp riding on a sea slug
One species uses a second organism for
housing such as small mammals or birds
that lives in holes in trees or orchids
which live in trees.
Orchid in rainforest Venezuela
Example of Commensalism
• Cattle egrets
are often found
around grazing
herbivores,
such as these
African buffalo.
Example of Commensalism
• The cattle egrets
eat insects that
are flushed as the
big herbivores
move around.
• The herbivores get
no benefit or harm
from the egrets.
•
Photo Credit: Noodlefish @ flickr.com
Check point
Hermit crabs have a soft belly and live in the
ocean. To protect themselves, they crawl into
discarded snail shells and use them for shelter.
Which symbiotic relationship describes the
association of hermit crabs and snails?
A. Commensalism
B. Mutualism
C. Parasitism
D. competition
Symbiosis - Parasitism
• Parasitism is when one
organism benefits from
the relationship, and
the other organism is
harmed.
• +
Parasitism - examples
Check point
In which symbiotic relationship does one
organism benefit while the other organism is
harmed?
A. Mutualism
B. Commensalism
C. Competition
D. Parasitism
Symbiosis - ?
• Why don’t we have a
word for a relationship
where both organisms
are harmed by the
relationship?
Symbiosis and you
• What is one example of
mutualism that a
person might be
involved in?
• What is one example of
commensalism that a
person might be
involved in?
• What is one example of
parasitism that a person
might be involved in?
Example of Parasitism
• Songbirds are often
heavily parasitized by
ticks.
• The birds are often
anemic, stressed and
more vulnerable to
predation.
• Female ticks must have
a good blood meal in
order to lay eggs.
•
Photo Credit: Bill Hilton, Jr. @ hiltonpond.org
Example of Parasitism
• Fungal parasites
often infect living
organisms, such as
plants, animals or
other fungi.
• This shelf fungus
releases enzymes to
digest the wood of
this tree, which
weakens the tree
and makes it more
vulnerable.
•
Photo Credit: BIOL 1407 Student
Assignment
• OLS
• Part 1 – online – 6 questions
• Part 2 – offline – 1 question
• Study Island
• Make sure that you are working in SI and completing
all 13 pathways.