Download BLOOD CELLS / FORMED ELEMENTS (REVIEW) 1. (red blood cells

BLOOD CELLS / FORMED ELEMENTS (REVIEW)
1. _______________________________ (red blood cells)
•
Transport
(bound to pigment
)
2. _______________________________ (white blood cells)
granulocytes
__________________________________
•
•
•
most numerous
phagocytes
release cytotoxins
__________________________________
•
•
•
•
staining reveals bright red granules
phagocytes
defend against parasitic worms/flukes
release anti-inflammatory chemicals
__________________________________
•
•
•
staining reveals dark blue granules
release histamines (trigger inflammation)
associated with allergic reaction
agranulocytes
_________________________________
•
•
•
second most abundant leukocyte
small cells with a large nucleus
produce antibodies (B cells) and coordinate immune defense (T cells)
_________________________________
•
very large phagocytes
3. ________________________________ (platelets)
• numerous small cellular fragments
• function in hemostasis
NOTE : blood cells are formed from _______________________ in
________________________________
by the process of _______________________________.
HEMATOPOIESIS
=
(occurs in
)
leukopoiesis
__________________________ = __________________________________
• regulated by
and
• numbers of WBCs vary and are produced in response to
(colony stimulating factors)
thrombocytopoiesis
__________________________ = __________________________________
•
thrombocytes form by
•
formation regulated by hormone
addition to interleukin-6 and CSF
(produced in kidneys), in
erythropoiesis
__________________________ = __________________________________
•
mature RBC’s have no
•
synthesis requires
hemoglobin (
•
to make pigment
)
→
tetramer of
fetal hemoglobin has
•
each Hb chain contains
(Fe molecule within a porphyrin ring) within
(protein component)
•
each iron can bind a single
the globins can bind
•
•
red blood cell synthesis takes
•
make approximately
•
production enhanced by
→
→
of body’s iron supply
→
steps in erythropoiesis:
control of erythropoiesis
•
glycoprotein hormone _________________________ (EPO)
•
EPO secreted by
hemorrhage
↓ O2 levels
↑ secretion of
↑ O2 demand
degradation of RBCs
•
lifespan ≈
•
RBC’s become less flexible and more fragile → 
(rupture)
•
+
trap old RBC’s →
phagocytize
•
hemoglobin components recycled
hemoglobin
(green
pigment)
bound to transport
protein in blood
(yellow
pigment)
stored as iron / protein
complexes
metabolized
THINK! What causes jaundice?
obstructive jaundice
physiological jaundice
HEMOSTASIS
Def’n
•
occurs in response to
•
triggered by
•
functions to
3 steps
1.
•
•
of damaged vessel → constriction
endothelial cells release
2.
•
to endothelium and
•
results in formation of
•
activated platelets release
→
→
→
(stimulates vascular spasm)
(platelet derived growth factor; promotes vessel repair)
(stimulates platelet aggregation)
→
and
(promote clotting)
3.
•
coagulation =
•
results in formation of a
clot =
•
→ sequential activation of
(“procoagulants”)
2 pathways:
i)
•
begins with chemicals
•
triggered by
•
requires
platelets)
•
can occur when platelets are exposed to glass (eg. in a
)
•
(
released by aggregating
(about 2-3 min)
ii)
•
begins with chemicals
•
initiated by release of
damaged cells)
•
(
released by
(< 2min….about 15 sec faster)
NOTE: both pathways activate
which initiates the
(shared by both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways) →
normally, both pathways are triggered simultaneously by injury
COMPLETE THE PATHWAYS ON THE FOLLOWING PAGE
CONSIDER! What factors / chemicals / ions are required by both pathways?
clot retraction and repair
CLOT
PLATELETS
PDGF
(pulls torn edges of
damaged vessel
closer together
making repair easier)
promotes
healing of
vessel wall
plasmin dissolves fibrin
“
“
tPA
plasminogen
NOTE: clot retract s (shrinks as serum is squeezed out of coagulated blood) THEN the fibrin is
dissolved.
clotting abnormalities
hemophilia
thrombus
embolus
anticoagulants (prevent clotting)
aspirin
coumadin (warfarin) / dicumarol
heparin
EDTA