Download Chapter 13 - Greer Middle College

Section 1 – Charlemagne Unites German Kingdoms
• Middle Ages – new European society with roots in:
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– Classical heritage of Rome
– Roman Catholic beliefs
– Germanic customs
European Middle Ages,
500-1200
• Compare chart/map on p.174/5 and map on p.351
• Commerce – invasions destroy business/trade
• Population shifts – from urban to rural
Germanic Kingdoms
Medieval Europe
• Learning – decline in literacy
• Language – Latin broke into dialects
• Germanic kingdoms
– Family ties and personal loyalty
– Lord and followers, mead halls, mutual helps
• Clovis – unified the Franks
– Battle of Tolbiac and Christianity
– 511 – Franks united into one kingdom
– Alliance between Frankish Kingdom and the Church
Clovis
Battle of Tolbiac
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Christianity
Benedict and Scholastica
• Spread by politics and missionaries
• Monasteries
– No private possessions
– Life of religious devotion
– Females became nuns (convents)
– Places of education/knowledge
– Schools, libraries, scriptoria
• Benedict and Scholastica
Gregory I
Gregory the Great
• 590 – Gregory (the Great) became pope
• Broadened papacy to include secular power
• Church revenues = soldiers, public works, care
for the poor
• Gregorian chant
• Christendom – spiritual kingdom on earth,
ruled from Rome, spreading from Italy to
England and from Spain to Germany
Carolingians
Battle of Tours
• 719 – Charles Martel (the Hammer) became
major domo
• 732 – Battle of Tours
• Pepin the Short
– Fought the Lombards for the pope
– “King by the grace of God”
• Carolingian Dynasty – Frankish rulers from
751-987
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Pépin le Bref
Charlemagne
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Ruled from 768-814
Reunited western Europe through conquest
800 – Pope crowns Charles “Roman Emperor”
Carolingian Revival
– Limited noble authority (centralization)
– Created schools and monasteries to promote learning
• Successors gradually grew weaker
Charlemagne
Charlemagne’s Empire
Coronation of Charlemagne
Section 2 – Feudalism in Europe
• Vikings – Scandinavian, seafaring raiders
– Renowned for quality of their ships
– Explored and settled all of Europe
– Gradually accepted Christianity
• Magyars – nomads from modern-day Hungary
– Swept through Europe on horseback
– Did not settle in places they raided
• Muslims – mostly from North Africa
– Early goal = conquer Europe
– Later goal = plunder
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Gokstad Ship
Viking Illustration
Feudalism = political system
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Rollo and Normandy
Lord – landowner who grants fiefs
Fief – grant of land from lord to vassal
Vassal – servant who receives a fief
Knights – mounted soldiers who received fiefs
in return military service
• Serfs – could not legally leave the land where
they served
Feudal Obligations
Manorialism = economic system
• Manor – lord’s estate
– Lords provided: housing, land, protection
– Serfs (in return) tended land/animals and
maintained the estate
• Peasants’ lives restricted to their manor
• Manor = manor house, church, workshops,
village, fields/pasture/woods/streams
• Mostly self-sufficient
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Manor Life
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Medieval Manor
Taxes – grain, marriage, fields
Tithe – 1/10 to the church
Crowded (mostly one-room) cottages
Want warmth? Bring the pigs inside!
Beds = straw (infested with bugs)
Diet? Vegetables, bread, cheese, ale.
Daily life? Work, even for children.
Life expectancy? 35 years at most.
Why? Because God determined a person’s status.
Section 3 – The Age of Chivalry
Medieval Knight
• Knights – Charles Martel began using them
after witnessing Muslim cavalry
• Technology – leather saddles and stirrups
• Feudal society
– Knights protected the lands of feuding nobles
– Granted a fief in return for military service =
wealth to pursue the arts of warfare
– Vassal – expectation to fight and train
Knight Sculpture from Stockholm
Chivalry
• Chivalry is a code! A lifestyle!
• Three masters: feudal lord, heavenly Lord,
chosen lady
• Protect the weak and poor
• Loyalty, bravery, courtesy
• Reality was harsher than the ideals
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Knights
Training
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7 – trained in another lord’s house as a page
14 – served a knight as a squire
21 – became a knight in full
Local fighting and tournaments
Warfare = brutality
– Castles and keeps protected families
– Boiling water, oil, molten metals, crossbows,
catapults, fire, etc.
Literature
Eleanor of Aquitaine
• Idealization of feudal life
• Poetry
– Arthur and Charlemagne
– The Song of Roland
– Duty to lord vs. duty to lady
– Troubadours – travelling poets-musicians
– Eleanor of Aquitaine – ideal of many poets
Women
• Inferior to men (reinforced by church teachings)
• Noble
– Could inherit land, deploy soldiers, act as commander
of castle
– Reality – confined to domestic duties or a convent
• Peasant
– Work in homes/fields, bear children, care for family
– Daughters taught by mothers
Section 4 – The Power of the Church
• Gelasius I
– Emperors should bow to popes’ spiritual authority
– Popes should bow to emperors’ political authority
• Church structure = hierarchy
• Clergy – officials/ministers of the church
• Sacraments – religious rites (vital to Medieval
Christians for attaining salvation)
• Holidays – festivals (Christmas and Easter)
• Canon Law – church-created system of laws and justice
• Punishments = excommunication and interdict
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Church and State
Otto the Great
• Pope Leo III and Charlemagne
• Otto the Great
– Ruler in medieval Germany
– Gained power by alliances with the church at the
expense of the nobles
– Gained title of emperor by fighting for the pope
• Holy Roman Empire – German-Italian state
established in 900s
Holy Roman Empire
Church vs. State
• Lay investiture – laity appoint clergy
• 1075 – Gregory VII banned lay investiture
– Henry IV of Germany ordered Gregory to resign
– Gregory excommunicated Henry
• 1077 – Henry forced to beg forgiveness at Canossa
• 1122 – Concordat of Worms (Henry V and Calistus II)
– Church alone could appoint a bishop
– Emperor could veto the appointment
• Henry’s struggle = nobles gained power
Canossa
Concordat of Worms
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Frederick I Barbarossa
Frederick I
• Holy Roman Empire
• Led armies against numerous enemies
– Nobles repeatedly rebelled
– Lombard League
– Defeated by crossbows at Battle of Legnano
• Died in 1190 → empire crumbled
• Future German emperors were unable to
revive Charlemagne’s empire
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