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Grade 7 Social Studies Geography Unit Test Review KEY Vocabulary • Maps – A two dimensional (2D) representation of an area of land or sea, showing physical features (like mountains, rivers, lakes), cities, roads, etc. • Globe – A three dimensional (3D), spherical representation of the Earth. • Cartographer – A person who draws or makes maps. • Mercator Projection – The map projection we see typically; it represents continents and oceans accurately according to shape, but not accurately according to size. • Latitude – Imaginary lines that run East to West (like the rungs of a ladder) that are put on maps and globes to help find locations. • Longitude - Imaginary lines that run North to South that are put on maps and globes to help find locations. • Prime Meridian – The 0° longitude line that runs through Greenwich, England; it signifies the starting point for time zones. • Equator – The 0° latitude line that urns around the middle of the Earth (like a belt), separating the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth from the Southern Hemisphere. • Compass Rose – The symbol on a map that shows the four cardinal directions. • Cardinal Directions (N, S, E, W) – North, South, East, West (Never Eat Soggy Waffles!) • Continents (7) – The largest areas of land on Earth, which include North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica. • Oceans (5) – The largest bodies of water on Earth, which include the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean. • Coordinates – A pair of numbers, using latitude and longitude, that indicate the location of something on a map (ex. 40° N, 37° E) • Time Zone – A region in the world that uses the same standard time. • International Date Line – The imaginary longitude line where if you cross it, you go one day forward or backward. • Weather – The conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of a time in a certain area; this can change from minute to minute, hour to hour, day to day, and week to week. • Climate – How the atmosphere behaves over a long period of time in a certain region of the Earth. • Climate Zones (Tropical, Temperate, Polar) – Divisions of the Earth's climates into general climate zones according to average temperatures and average rainfall. The three major climate zones on the Earth are the polar, temperate, and tropical zones. • Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) – The line of latitude that marks the northern end of the Tropical Zone, and beginning of the northern Temperate Zone. • Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S) – The line of latitude that marks the southern end of the Tropical Zone, and beginning of the southern Temperate Zone. • Arctic Circle (66.5°N) – The line of latitude that marks the beginning of the northern Polar Zone. • Antarctic Circle (66.5°S) – The line of latitude that marks the beginning of the southern Polar Zone. • Climate Change – The warming of our Earth’s core temperature, leading to changes in long-term averages of daily weather. • Greenhouse Gases – Gases (including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) that work to trap the sun’s heat within Earth’s atmosphere, causing its core temperature to increase. Human activities have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the buildup of these greenhouse gases. Concepts 1. (a) What makes a good map? Some things that make a good map include: label for different locations and bodies of water, symbols (and a legend to explain what these symbols mean), a compass rose to indicate direction, lines of latitude and longitude to help us locate things, etc. (b) Why do we have different kinds of map projections? When trying to represent something from our 3-dimensional Earth onto a 2-dimensional map, it is impossible to keep all aspects of the Earth accurate. Different map projections focus on different characteristics of a globe, while others may be altered. (c) What are the four characteristics of globes that may be distorted by a map projection? The four characteristics of globes that may be distorted or changed by a map projection include: size, shape, distance, and direction. (d) What is the name of the projection of the most common type of map we see? Mercator Projection 2. (a) On a map: what is a legend? A map legend (or key) is included with a map to unlock it. It gives you the information needed for the map to make sense. Maps often use symbols or colors to represent things, and the map key explains what they mean (b) What is a compass rose? A compass rose is the symbol on a map that shows the four cardinal directions, and in doing so, shows us which direction the map is facing. (c) What are the cardinal directions? Cardinal directions are the four main directions: North, South, East, and West. 3. (a) What is a continent? The largest areas of land on Earth. (b) How many continents are there on the Earth and what are their names? Seven: North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica. (c) What is an ocean? The largest bodies of water on Earth. (d) How many oceans do we have and what are their names? Five: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean. 4. (a) What are coordinates and why do we have them? A pair of numbers, using latitude and longitude, that indicate the location of something on a map. (b) What are lines of latitude and longitude? Imaginary lines that run East to West (like the rungs of a ladder) and North to South that are put on maps and globes to help find locations. (c) What is the Equator? The 0° latitude line that urns around the middle of the Earth (like a belt), separating the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth from the Southern Hemisphere. (d) What is the Prime Meridian? What city does the Prime Meridian go through? The 0° longitude line that runs through Greenwich, England; it signifies the starting point for time zones. 5. (a) What are time zones? Regions in the world that uses the same standard time. (b) Why do they exist? They exist for the purpose of convenience in communicating and connecting with people around the world in an increasingly globalized society! It also allows the world to be on the same standard system for telling time. (c) What two inventions created the need for time zones? Trains and telegraphs - the increase of travel and communication between cities created the need for schedules and a standard way to tell time. (d) In which direction do you add hours and subtract hours? Add hours to the right (East), subtract hours to the left (West). (e) Know one example of an unusual time zone that doesn’t follow the pattern. • • • • • • • • India and Sri Lanka: UTC + 5:30 New Zealand and Chatham Islands: UTC + 12:45 /+ 13:45 Newfoundland, Canada: UTC - 3:30 / - 2:30 Afghanistan: UTC + 4:30 Iran: UTC + 3:30 / + 4:30 North Korea: UTC + 8:30 Myanmar (Burma): UTC + 6:30 Nepal: UTC + 5:45 6. (a) What is weather? The conditions of the atmosphere over a short period of a time in a certain area; this can change from minute to minute, hour to hour, day to day, and week to week. (b) What is climate? How the atmosphere behaves over a long period of time in a certain region of the Earth. (c) What is the difference between the two? Time! Weather is short term, while climate is long term. (d) What are some factors that affect climate? Things that affect the climate of a region include the location on the Earth, the angle at which the sun hits this location (more direct = hotter), the elevation (mountainous regions = colder), proximity to bodies of water, etc. (e) What are the different climate zones? Tropical Zone, Temperate Zone, Polar Zone (f) Where do they exist? (g) What is climate change? What are greenhouse gases? Greenhouse gases work to trap the sun’s heat within Earth’s atmosphere, causing its core temperature to increase. This leads to climate change, which is the warming of our Earth’s core temperature, leading to changes in long-term averages of daily weather. Human activities have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere through the build-up of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.