Download Defense ALL- Mus Skel Integ Imm Lymph 2016

DEFENSE and SUPPORT:
Muscular and Skeletal Systems
How do these systems provide
DEFENSE and SUPPORT?
• Skeletal System: produces
immune cells to protect
against disease causing
bacteria and viruses.
• Muscular system:
coordinates with the nervous
system to help animals
respond to their
environment.
Skeletal System
Main Functions:
The main organs of the
skeletal system are the
bones
_______.
Main Functions:
1. Supports & gives shape
to body
2. Protects internal organs
3. Provides for movement
4. Stores minerals (calcium
& magnesium)
5. Blood cells produced in
bone marrow
Simple
Skeleton
Type of
support
Evolutionary Trends of the
Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Hydrostatic Skeleton
Have muscles surrounding a
fluid-filled cavity . When
contracted, they push against
the fluid and cause the body to
change shape.
Exoskeleton
A hard external skeleton,
made of chitin and is
continually shed as the
organism grows - molting.
Complex
Endoskeleton
Have a well developed
Endoskeleton or internal
skeleton made of calcified
plates.
Picture of
system
Examples
Annelids (worms) and
Arthropods (Insects) and
mammals, birds, reptiles,
Cnidarians (Jellyfish)
Crustaceans
fish, amphibians (chordates)
Characteristics and Functions
a. Bones are attached to other
bones with special connective
ligaments
tissues known as _________.
Arthritis –
inflammation
of the joint
itself
b. Cartilage is
found at ends of
bones at joints,
reduces friction in
movable joints
(does NOT
contain blood
vessels)
• The cartilage in
the growth plates
is replaced by
bone, the bones
become
completely
ossified, and the
person “stops
growing.”
c. A place where one bone
attaches to another is called a
joint.
3 Types of Joints & Their Movements
i. Immoveable (fixed) joint: no
movement
• Bones of skull; fused
ii. Freely moveable: wide range
of movement
• Bone ends covered in cartilage
iii. Slightly moveable: permit
small amount of movement
• Between vertebrae
Types of Freely Moveable Joints
1. Ball-and-Socket Joint:
Permit movement in many
directions; widest range of
movement of any joint
(examples: shoulder and
hip)
2. Hinge Joint: Permit back
and forth motion
(examples: elbow and
knee)
Types of Freely Moveable Joints
•
•
3. Pivot Joint: Allow
one bone to rotate
around another
(example: neck,
forearm bones)
4. Saddle (Gliding)
Joint: Permit one bone
to slide past another
bone (example:
thumb/wrist )
Bones are a living part of your body that contain
nervous tissue to send and receive information,
_________
nutrients
as well as blood vessels to bring the __________
and ________
oxygen gas that is necessary for the bones’
health and growth.
• Bone is composed of two types of
tissue:
– Spongy: soft, interior layer of bone
tissue.
• Site of red blood cell production
• Less dense
• Contains bone marrow
– Compact: outer layer of tissue
surrounding bone.
• Stores minerals – Calcium.
• Extremely dense and strong
Photo by Steve Fruitsmaak
marrow is found
Bone _________
inside of bones. This
tissue is responsible for
creating new _______
blood
cells in animals. These
cells are a vital part of the
___________
circulatory system.
Three Types of Bone Cells
1.
2.
3.
Osteocytes – Mature bone
cells that are embedded in the
bone matrix.
Osteoclasts – Bone cells that
break down bone; Line the
Haversian canals and the
surfaces of compact and
spongy bone.
Osteoblasts – Bone cells that
produce bone; Line the
Haversian canals and the
surfaces of compact and
spongy bone.
Development of Bones
• *The skeleton of an embryo is
composed almost entirely of
cartilage.
• *Cartilage is replaced by bone
during the process of bone
formation called ossification.
• *Ossification begins to take
place up to seven months
before birth.
• *Osteoblasts secrete mineral
deposits that replace cartilage
osteoblasts become
surrounded by bone tissue 
mature to osteocytes
Organization of Life: Skeletal
System
OSTEOCYTES
Compact or Spongy
Femur, Tibia, Vertebrae, Skull
SKELETAL
Skeletal Body System Interactions:
• Circulatory System: bones help produce new
blood cells in addition to storing minerals
transported by the circulatory system.
• Muscular System: bones and muscles work in
opposing pairs to perform body movement.
Muscles and bones support, protect, and
maintain posture for the human body.
• Nervous System: bones protect many vital
organs of the nervous system – Skull (brain),
Vertebrae (spinal cord).
Skeletal System Disorders
• Arthritis – inflammation of
the joint itself
• Kyphosis (hunchback) –
curvature of upper spine
PROBLEM:
Osteoporosis is a weakening
of bones due to loss of calcium
that is more common in older
women
=Increased risk for fracture
Dowager’s hump
Change in Bone Density over Time
What can be done now about bone loss?
•Eat foods containing calcium, magnesium and phosphorous
now (as teens) why you still are building bone mass.
• Continue weight-bearing exercises throughout your life to
keep the bone mass you built earlier on.
Bones in the
Human Skeleton
Here are the main bones
everyone should know.
Where is your
FUNNY
BONE?!?!??
Muscular System:
The main organs of
the muscular system
are the muscles.
There are 3 types of
muscles tissue made
up of individual
muscle cells, called
fibers.
Types of Muscles:
Skeletal Muscle These muscles are usually
1. _________________:
bones and allow for the movement of
attached to _______
limbs Since these muscles can be controlled by a
______.
the organism, they are known as __________
voluntary muscles.
These muscles also help maintain our posture and
protect internal organs. This type of muscle is striated.
Types of Muscles:
Smooth Muscle This type of muscle is found
2. ________________:
intestines
within the walls of organs like the ___________,
diaphragm allowing these
_________,
bladder and the __________
Why it is
expand and ________.
contract Smooth
organs to ________
called
smooth!
muscle is not under conscious control, so it is
involuntary muscle. Is NOT striated.
known as ____________
Image by Theresa Knott
-Smooth muscle also helps move food through
your digestive tract via the process Peristalsis.
Types of Muscles:
Cardiac Muscle This type of muscle is
3. _______________:
not under your control, so it is also
involuntary It is only found in
considered ____________.
heart which is why it is called
the _______
cardiac muscle. Is striated.
________
How Muscles and Bones Interact
a. Skeletal muscles are
joined to bones by tough
connective tissues called
tendons.
– Tendons pull on the
bones and make them
work like levers.
– The muscles provide the
force to move the lever.
– Usually, there are several
muscles surrounding each
joint that pull in different
directions.
How Muscles and Bones Interact
a. Most skeletal muscles work
in opposing pairs. When one
muscle contracts, the other
relaxes.
– The muscle that contracts is
the flexor while the muscle
that lengthens and relaxes is
the extensor
• In order for the biceps muscle
to contract (flex) the triceps
muscle has to relax. Therefore
the biceps is your flexor
muscle while your triceps is
your extensor muscle.
energy
c. Muscles use a large amount of ________.
This
requires them to produce large amounts of the
ATP These molecules
energy molecule called _____.
are produced in the _____________
mitochondria through the
process of cellular respiration. This is why there
are a greater than average number of
mitochondria in ________
muscle cells.
d. Cellular respiration requires the body to
O2 cannot be
oxygen gas. When ____
absorb ________
absorbed fast enough, the body produces a
lactic acid
compound known as __________.
Disorders to worry about
• Black widow bite – releases more ACH =
muscle spasms
• Botox – blocks release of ACH from neurons
paralyzing the muscles in your face = no
wrinkles
• Tetanus- infection causing muscle spasms to
develop by blocking motor neurons
– Lockjaw, neonatal tetanus
Organization of Life:
Muscular System
Tissue
Cell
Skeletal
Muscle Fiber
Smooth
Cardiac
Organ
Bicep
Stomach
Heart
Organ System
Muscular
System
Muscular Body System
Interactions:
• Digestive System: smooth muscle found in the
stomach and intestinal tract helps move
digested food through the body.
• Circulatory /Respiratory System: products of
cellular respiration (CO2, lactic acid) from the
muscular system are removed via the blood
stream.
• Nervous System: signals muscles to contract
for movement and response to environmental
stimuli.
LABEL THE
FOLLOWING
MUSCLES
ON YOUR
PICTURE.
Quadriceps
Hamstrings
Quadriceps
DEFENSE
Integumentary, Immune and
Lymphatic Systems
DEFENSE
How do the integumentary, immune and
lymphatic systems work together to
defend the body?
These systems work together to keep
pathogens
_______________
out of the body and to
attack
____________
any that make it in.
Functions of the Integumentary System
protective barrier for
1. Acts as a __________
internal organs and tissues.
pathogens like bacteria and
2. Prevents __________
viruses from entering the body.
3. Helps to regulate the body’s
temperature by sweating or forming
____________
“goose bumps”.
Regulating Temperature
Homeostasis
When you sweat, your body
saltwater onto the
places __________
surface of your skin. Water can
heat
absorb large amounts of ______
before it evaporates. Because the
water absorbs the heat then
Skin and hair also help the body _______ heat when it is cold.
carries it away, your body can
keep itself from ____________.
overheating
Skin and hair also help
retain heat
the body _______
when it is cold.
Homeostasis
The dermis is abundantly supplied
with blood vessels that play a role
in maintaining body temperature homeostasis.
If Cold:
Blood vessels in the dermis narrow, helping to limit heat
loss.
Blood bypasses the dermis capillaries temporarily, which
allows internal body temperature to stay high.
If Hot:
Blood vessels widen, bringing heat from the body's core to
the skin and increasing heat loss.
Skin becomes reddened and warm and allows body heat
to radiate from the skin surface.
Functions of the Integumentary System
D when exposed to
4. Makes vitamin
__________
UV light. (Fat-soluble vitamin that promotes absorption of calcium
and phosphorus.)
5. Prevents the body from becoming
dehydrated due to excess water loss.
___________
excretion of waste like urea
6. Aids in _________________,
and salts.
sensory organ
7. Acts as a ______________by detecting
heat, cold, pressure, and pain
Evolutionary
Trends
The different phyla
of animals have
unique
very ___________
structures that are
a part of their
integumentary
systems which
allow them to
____________
to
adapt
their
environments.
Evolutionary Trends of Integumentary System
Complex
Simple
Animal
Taxon
Invertebrates
Adaptations
epithelial cells
secrete mucous;
shells and
exoskeletons
made of chitin;
stinging or sharp
outer cells
Fish
Mucous
secreted over
scales
decreases
friction in the
water
Amphibians
Have mucous
glands to keep
skin moist to help
with respiration
and body
temperature
Reptiles
Birds
Feathers to fly;
Dry, scaly skin
glands secrete
made of keratin to oily substances
prevent water loss to keep feathers
and regulate body
waterproof;
temperature
colorful for
communication
Picture of
Adaptation
Jellyfish, worms,
Examples
insects,
crustaceans
Fish
Frogs, Toads,
Alligator, Lizards,
Salamanders
Snakes
Birds
Integumentary System in Mammals
The main organ of the integumentary system
is the _____.
skin
It contains three layers
epidermis
known as the________,
dermis and the
______,
Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
___________________
__, which is the
underlying layer of
fat for insulation.
______
MAMMALS
1. Epidermis
• outer layer approximately
10-30 cells thick
pores
• covered in __________
• Hair and nails protude
from this layer
• contains melanin pigment
that gives skin its color
2. Dermis
• thickest layer
• contains blood vessels,
muscles, nerves, hair
sweat glands
follicles, _______
and subaceous (_____)
oil
glands
Epidermis
• Outer layer of skin
• Does not contain blood vessels
• Contains two layers
1. Outside of the epidermis is made up of dead cells and
comes into contact with the environment.
2. Inner layer is made up of living cells and undergo rapid
cell division, producing new cells that push older cells to
the surface of the skin (shed once every 4-5 weeks)
o
o
Keratin – tough protein made here that eventually forms the
waterproof covering for your skin.
Contain melanocytes, which produce melanin.
o
Melanin is a dark brown pigment that helps protect the skin from
damage by absorbing UV rays from the sun.
o
Differences in skin color are caused by the different amounts of
melanin the melanocytes produce.
o
NO BLOOD VESSELS here, therefore when you slightly scratch
your arm it doesn’t bleed!
Dermis
• Inner layer of the skin
– Located between the epidermis
and the hypodermis.
• Contains:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Collagen fibers
Blood vessels
Nerve endings
Glands
1.
2.
5.
6.
7.
Sweat glands – body perspires
when too hot
Oil glands (sebaceous) –
produces oily secretion (sebum)
to keep skin flexible and
waterproof
Sensory receptors
Smooth muscles
Hair follicles
Integumentary System
Levels of Organization
Epithelial
Epidermis, Dermis
Skin
Integumentary
Fun Fact: Believe it or not, the
largest
integumentary system is the ________
organ system and your _____
skin is the
largest organ in your body.
Interaction with Other Body Systems
Skin is the first line of
defense in the immune
system response.
The circulatory system and
skin regulate body
temperature.
Skin and the excretory
system excrete water, urea,
salts, and other wastes
through sweat.
Receptors of the nervous
system are located in skin.
Immune System:
The main function of the immune system is to fight
infections
white
off ___________.
This is the job of the ________
antibodies they create.
blood cells and the ___________
Immune System:
White blood cell travels throughout the body through
circulatory system. This allows them to be
the ___________
distributed to every part of the body.
___________

A substance that triggers this immune response is
known as an antigen.


Examples of Antigens: Bacteria, Viruses, and Other
Pathogens.
Cells that recognize specific antigens
(lymphocytes):
1.
2.
3.
B Lymphocytes (B Cells): Provide immunity against
pathogens and antigens in body fluids.
T Lymphocytes (T Cells): Provide a defense against
abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells.
Phagocytes: Large cells that eat pathogens and
damaged cells.
Types of White Blood Cells:
Macrophages - These cells
______________
engulfing
kill bacteria by __________
them (process known as
_____________).
This means
phagocytosis
that they pull the pathogen
inside of themselves where
the pathogen is trapped and
digested by proteins
__________
enzymes These
called __________.
cells are made in bone
marrow.
________
B cells - These cells
antibodies to
make ___________
fight inside body fluids.
Memory B cells are also
responsible for
“remembering” a
specific bacteria or
virus. This causes your
immune
body to be __________
to them in the future.
Immune:antibody/antigen response
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrYlZJiuf18
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MI-BLaj5nFk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQGOcOUBi6s
Antibodies are an important part of
the immune system. Once they
antigen
attach to an _________(substance
that triggers immune response), they
can prevent further infection and
spleen to
signal the ______
liver and _______
destroy the toxic invaders.
Immune Response
• When a pathogen invades the
body, its antigens are
recognized by a small fraction
of the body’s B cells…these
cells then release antibodies.
– Antibodies - Proteins that
recognize and bind to antigens.
• Carried in the bloodstream
• As the antibodies overcome the
infection, the plasma cells die out
and stop producing antibodies.
Types of White Blood Cells:
T Cells - These white blood cells actually
_________
attack inside the body’s cells which contain
viruses They also target and
bacteria or _________.
________
tumor cells which are the root of all
destroy ________
cancers.


When a virus or cancer
begins to invade your
body, antibodies alone
cannot destroy them.
T cells divide and become
specific to kill the infected
cells:



Killer T cells – track down
and destroy the tissue
containing the antigen
Helper T cells – produce
memory T cells (able to
activate killer T and B cells)
Suppressor T cells – release
substances that shut down
the Killer T cells after the
antigens are under control.
A breast cancer cell above and a
prostate cancer cell below being
attacked by
Killer T Cells
Penicillin and other ___________
antibiotics can also be used to
help the immune system, but it is important that you
bacteria
understand that antibiotics only kill _________!
They will NOT
help if you are
sick with a
virus
_____
because
viruses are
not cells!
H.I.V.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
A.I.D.S.
H.I.V. is the virus that causes __________,
or
acquired immune deficiency syndrome. It attacks a
Helper T cell.
special T cell known as a __________
The lymphatic system removes
fluid from around cells and filters
out pathogens.
When this fluid passes through the
lymph nodes white blood cells
_____________,
attack and kill any pathogens.
When bacteria and other
pathogens travel through the
lymph nodes, they are attacked
by white blood cells. This causes
swell •
the lymph nodes to ______.
Lymphatic system also collects
fluid lost by the blood and
returns it to the circulatory
system
Organs in the Lymphatic System
• Lymph nodes (densely packed
area of tissue that filters lymph
and traps microorganisms)
• Lymph vessels (run along side
veins collecting and carrying
lymph back to the circulatory
system)
• Lymph (fluid found in lymph
vessels)
• Spleen (Removes damaged red
blood cells from blood)
• Tonsils (Pair of enlarged lymph
nodes in throat)
• Thymus gland (Location where
some white blood cells mature)
Evolutionary Trends of Lymph & Immune Systems
Complex
Simple
Animal
Taxon
Adaptations
Examples
Invertebrates
Cells recognize
peptidoglycan, a
substance found in the
cell walls of bacteria,
and destroy the
bacteria
bees, flies
Fish
Thymus makes T
lymphocytes and B
cells
Fish
Mammals
Body produces
antibodies specific to
certain pathogens
Human
Lymph & Immune System
Levels of Organization
White Blood Cells, B-cells, Tcells, macrophages
Lymph nodes, bone marrow
Spleen, Liver
Lymph and Immune
Interactions with other Body Systems
Skin of the integumentary system is
the first line of defense of the
immune system.
The circulatory system transports
immune cells around the body. It
also helps control body fluids with
the lymphatic system.
The excretory system excretes
excess fluids and pathogens.
Bones of the skeletal system
produce lymphocytes and
macrophages.