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Chapter 11
Psychological
Disorders
Module 11.1
What Is Abnormal Behavior?
Module 11.1 Preview Questions
 What
criteria are used to determine
whether behavior is abnormal?
 What
are the major models of abnormal
behavior?
 What
are psychological disorders?
Criteria Typically Used
to Identify Abnormal Behavior
 Unusualness
 Social
deviance
 Emotional distress
 Maladaptive behavior
 Dangerousness
 Faulty perceptions or interpretations of
reality
Cultural Bases of Abnormal Behavior
 Cultural
context important when making
judgments about abnormal behavior
 Abnormal
behavior patterns may be
expressed differently in different cultures
 Judgments
of what is abnormal behavior
can change over time
Early Beliefs About Abnormal Behavior
 Abnormal
behaviors caused by
supernatural forces
 Doctrine

of demonic possession
Treatment was exorcism
Medical Model of Abnormal Behavior
 Result
of the rapid advances in medical
science during 18th and 19th centuries
 Abnormal
behavior patterns represent
mental illnesses that have a biological
basis

Can be classified by their particular
characteristics or symptoms
Psychological Models
of Abnormal Behavior
 Psychodynamic
Model: abnormal
behaviors arise from unconscious conflicts

Psychological symptoms are the outward
expressions of inner turmoil
 Behavioral
learned
Model: abnormal behaviors are
Psychological Models
of Abnormal Behavior (Cont’d)
 Humanistic
Model: abnormal behaviors
result from roadblocks on the path toward
self-actualization
 Cognitive
Model: irrational or distorted
thinking leads to emotional problems and
maladaptive behaviors
Sociocultural Model
of Abnormal Behavior
 Views
causes of abnormal behavior within
a broader social and cultural context

Abnormal behavior may have more to do with
social ills or failures of society
 Focus
also on the effects of labeling
people as mentally ill
Biopsychosocial Model
of Abnormal Behavior
 Abnormal
behavior results from the
complex interactions of biological,
psychological, and sociocultural factors
 Example:


Diathesis-Stress Model
Diathesis: What is the person’s vulnerability or
predisposition to developing a disorder?
Stress: What level of stress is the person
experiencing?
Psychological Disorders
 Distinctive

patterns of abnormal behavior
Also known as “mental disorders” or “mental
illnesses”
 Involve
disturbances of mood, behavior,
thought processes, or perceptions that
result in significant personal distress or
impaired functioning
Classification of Psychological
Disorders
 Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM) now in a 4th, text
revised edition (DSM-IV-TR).
 Multiaxial system





Axis I: Clinical disorders
Axis II: Personality disorders
Axis III: General medical conditions
Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental
problems
Axis V: Global assessment of functioning
Module 11.2
Anxiety Disorders
Module 11.2 Preview Questions
 What
are the major types of anxiety
disorders?
 What
causal factors are implicated in
anxiety disorders?
What is an Anxiety Disorder?
 Anxiety

can be an adaptive response
But can become abnormal when excessive or
when interferes with ability to function
 “Fear”
is used to describe anxiety
experienced in specific situations
Types of Anxiety Disorders
 Phobias



Social phobia
Specific phobia
Agoraphobia
 Panic
disorder
 Generalized anxiety disorder
 Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Mifflin Company. All
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13 - 17
Phobias
 An
irrational or excessive fear of some
object or situation
 Three



types of phobic disorders:
Social Phobia
Specific Phobia
Agoraphobia
Panic Disorder
 Person
experiences sudden episodes of
sheer terror called panic attacks.
 Panic
attacks are characterized by intense
physical symptoms.
 Over
time, panic attacks can become
associated with specific situations.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
 Persistent
anxiety not tied to any particular
object or situation
 Anxiety
 Key
has a “free-floating” quality
feature is excessive worry
 Other
characteristics include shakiness,
inability to relax, fidgeting, and feelings of
dread and foreboding
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
 Person
experiences persistent obsessions
and/or compulsions


Obsessions: nagging, intrusive thoughts
person feels unable to control
Compulsions: repetitive behaviors or rituals
the person feels compelled to perform
repeatedly
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
 Biological


factors:
Heredity
Disturbances in brain biochemistry or circuits
 Psychological



factors:
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Cognitive factors
Module 11.3
Dissociative and Somatoform Disorders
Module 11.3 Preview Questions
 What
are dissociative disorders?
 What
causal factors are implicated in
dissociative disorders?
 What
 What
are somatoform disorders?
causal factors are implicated in
somatoform disorders?
Dissociative Disorders
 Involve
problems with memory or changes
in consciousness or self-identity
 Inability
to maintain a cohesive sense of
self or unity of consciousness

Results in unusual or bizarre behavior
Dissociative Identity Disorder
 Dissociative
Identity Disorder (DID): Two
or more distinct personalities exist within
same individual

Commonly called “multiple” or “split
personality”
 Women
tend to have 15+ identities; men
tend to have 8+ identities.
Dissociative Amnesia
 Loss
of memory about self or life
experiences
 No physical cause for amnesia
 Memory lost usually involves a stressful or
traumatic event

Generalized amnesia is much less common
Causes of Dissociative
Disorders
 Role


 Is


of traumatic experiences:
Childhood sexual abuse
Psychological pain or conflict
DID a genuine disorder?
A form of attention-seeking role playing?
Inadvertently cued by therapists?
Somatoform Disorders
 Person
has physical ailments or
complaints that cannot be explained
medically

Or may have belief that gravely ill despite
reassurances to the contrary
Conversion Disorder
 Loss
of functioning, feeling, or movement
in specific body part

But no physical cause for the symptoms.
 Lack

of concern with symptoms
La belle indifférence
 May
be a way of avoiding anxiety
associated with painful or stressful
conflicts or situations
 Many cases turn out to be unrecognized
medical conditions
Hypochondriasis
 Preoccupied

with idea of health problems
Attribute physical complaints or symptoms to
a serious underlying disease
 Rejects
reassurances that concerns are
groundless
 May
not realize how their anxiety may be
causing the symptoms being experienced
Causes of Somatoform
Disorders
 Freud:
hysterical symptom an indication of
unconscious conflicts
 Learning
Theories: symptoms help person
avoid painful or anxiety-evoking situations

Reinforcement for “sick role”
 Cognitive
Theories: cognitive biases lead
to misinterpreting bodily symptoms
Module 11.4
Mood Disorders
Module 13.4 Preview Questions
 What
are some types of mood disorders?
 What
causal factors are implicated in
mood disorders?
 Who
is at risk for suicide?
 Why
do people commit suicide?
Mood Disorders
 Severe
or persistent disturbances of mood
that limit one’s ability to function
 Will focus on two major forms of mood
disorder:


Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
 Symptoms:






Depressed mood for at least two weeks
Sadness
Worthlessness
Changes in sleep, appetite
Lethargy
Loss of interest, concentration
Prevalence of Major Depression
 About
16% of adult U.S. population
develop major depression at some point
 Women twice as likely as men to develop
disorder


Possibly due to hormonal or other biological
differences is one possible explanation
But also may be due to differences in levels of
stress experienced
 Gender
differences in how one copes with
depression
Bipolar Disorder
 Person
shifts between manic episodes
and periods of depression with intervening
periods of normal mood

Formerly called manic-depression
 About
1% of adult U.S. population suffers
from a bipolar disorder
Psychological Models of Depression
 Classic
Psychodynamic Theory:
depression involves anger turned inward
against self
 Behavioral Model: depression results from
changes in reinforcement levels
 Cognitive Model: how people interpret
events contributes to emotional disorders

Aaron Beck: one is prone depression if one
adopts a negatively biased or distorted way of
thinking
Learned Helplessness Model
 Depression
results from belief that one is
helpless to control reinforcements
 Reformulated
Model: How are negative
events explained?

Depressive Attributional Style involves making
internal, global, and stable attributions for
disappointments and failures
Causes of Mood Disorders:
Biological Factors
 Chemical
imbalances in brain involving the
levels or activity of neurotransmitters
 Hereditary
influences
Suicide
 Second
leading cause of death among
college students
 More than 1000 college students end their
own lives each year
 Highest suicide rate found in adults 75 or
older
 Nearly one-half million Americans make
serious suicide attempts each year.
 About 30,000 Americans and 1 million
people worldwide commit suicide each
year.
Who is most at risk?
 Age

Older adults at greatest risk
 Gender


Women attempt suicide more frequently
Men complete the act more frequently
 Race/Ethnicity

White Americans and Native Americans more
likely to commit suicide
Factors in Suicide
 Closely
linked to mood disorders
 Role of biochemical factors?

Lack of serotonin may lead to a disinhibition
effect
 Drugs
and alcohol
 Lack of coping responses
 Exit events or losses of supportive
persons
 Teens and copycat suicides
Myths About Suicide
(see Table 11.3 for more detail)
 People
who threaten suicide are only
seeking attention.
 A person must be insane to attempt
suicide.
 Talking about suicide with a depressed
person may prompt the person to attempt
it.
 People who attempt suicide and fail aren’t
serious about killing themselves.
 If someone threatens suicide, it is best to
ignore it so as not to encourage repeated
Module 11.5
Schizophrenia
Module 11.5 Preview Questions
 What
are common symptoms of
schizophrenia?
 What are the three specific types of
schizophrenia?
 What causal factors are implicated in
schizophrenia?
 What is the diathesis-stress model of
schizophrenia?
Schizophrenia
 Most
closely corresponds to popular
notion of insanity or madness
 Affects about one adult in a hundred
 Characterized by bizarre, irrational
behavior
 Somewhat more common in men than in
women
 Follows a lifelong course

Typically develops in late adolescence or
early adulthood
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
A


psychotic disorder:
Confuses fantasy with reality
Experiences hallucinations and delusions
 May
exhibit bizarre behavior, incoherent
speech, and illogical thinking

Thought disorder
 Positive

vs. negative symptoms
Behavioral excesses vs. behavioral deficits
Types of Schizophrenia
 Disorganized
 Catatonic
 Paranoid
Causes of Schizophrenia
 Genetic
factors
 Biochemical
 Brain
imbalances
abnormalities
 Psychosocial


influences
Stressful life experiences
Diathesis-stress model revisited
Continue
Module 11.6
Personality Disorders
Module 11.6 Preview Questions
 What
are the major types of personality
disorders?
 What
characteristics are associated with
antisocial personality disorder?
 What
causal factors are implicated in
antisocial personality disorder?
Personality Disorders
A
cluster of psychological disorders
characterized by excessively rigid patterns
of behavior

Behavioral patterns become self-defeating
 Person
has deeply ingrained maladaptive
personality traits
Types of Personality Disorders
 Paranoid
 Histrionic
 Schizoid
 Narcissistic
 Schizotypal
 Avoidant
 Antisocial
 Dependent
 Borderline
 Obsessive-
compulsive
Symptoms of
Antisocial Personality Disorder
 Disregard
for rules of society
 Lack of concern for others
 Act on selfish impulse
 Irresponsible
 Take advantage of others for own need or
personal gain
 Lack remorse for mistreatment of others
 May be highly intelligent and charming
Causes of
Antisocial Personality Disorder
 Brain
abnormalities
 Genetic contributions
 Exaggerated cravings for stimulation
 Environmental factors

Family history
Application: Module 11.7
Suicide Prevention
Facing the Threat of Suicide
 Recognize
the seriousness of the situation
 Take implied threats seriously
 Express understanding
 Focus on alternatives
 Assess the immediate danger
 Enlist the person’s agreement to seek help
 Accompany the person to seek help