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Psychology: An Introduction
Benjamin Lahey
11th Edition
Slides by Kimberly Foreman
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter six:
Basic Principles of Learning
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Definition of Learning
Learning:
- any relatively permanent change in
behavior brought about through
experience
- change is not always immediately obvious
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Ivan Pavlov
1849-1936
Russian physician/
neurophysiologis
t
Studied digestive
secretion
Accidentally
discovered
Classical
Conditioning
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Think about a song or scent that brings
back certain memories or feelings
• Stimulus - some action that produces
activity in an organism (song)
• Response - reaction of an organism to a
stimulus (feeling)
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5
Classical Conditioning
• Ivan Pavlov 1849- 1936
• Russian Physician/
Neurophysiologist
• Studied digestive secretion
• Accidentally discovered
Classical Conditioning
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6
Classical Conditioning Cont.
•
•
Form of learning where one stimulus (thought of food)
creates a response (mouth watering) in response to
another stimulus (actual food)
This occurs when the two stimuli have been associated
with each other
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7
Classical Conditioning Cont.
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8
Classical Conditioning Cont.
• Breaking down the variables
• US = Unconditioned Stimulus
• A stimulus that causes a response that is automatic,
not learned
• E.g., Food
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9
Classical Conditioning Cont.
• Breaking down the variables
• UR = Unconditioned Response
• Automatic response
• E.g., Salivation
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10
Classical Conditioning Cont.
• Breaking down the variables
• CS = Conditioned Stimulus
• Starts as a Neutral Stimulus (NS) before pairing
• E.g., Pairing bell and food together
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11
Classical Conditioning Cont.
• Breaking down the variables
• CR = Conditioned Response
• Learned stimulus
• E.g., Bell
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12
Classical Conditioning Cont.
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13
Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Stimulus which causes an
automatic unlearned
response
The food
Unconditioned Response
(UCR)
Unlearned behavior of an
organism which occurs
naturally as a result of
stimulation
Salivation when food is in mouth
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Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Being paired with a stimulus
that causes a response this
will eventually cause a
similar response
Starts as a Neutral Stimulus (NS)
before pairing
Tone of a bell/tuning fork
Conditioned Response (CR)
The behavior of an organism
when a conditioned stimulus
is presented after the CS has
been paired with a UCS
Salivation
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Classical Conditioning (cont.)
Importance of classical conditioning:
- helpful in understanding puzzling aspects of
human behavior:
- Little Albert
- counterconditioning
- plays a role in our physical health
- sexual arousal
- phobias
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Classical Conditioning
Generalization
Subject reacts to a class of stimuli similar to
the original CS
“Little Albert” experiment
(Watson and Rosalie Rayner)
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Classical Conditioning
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(waiting
room)
CS
(waiting
room)
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CR
(nausea)
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The unconditioned stimulus is the couple
and the unconditioned response from
viewers is feelings of happiness. When
the unconditioned stimulus is paired
with the conditioned stimulus (the
tequila) the conditioned response to the
tequila is happiness. Therefore, the
advertisers of Jose Cuervo tequila are
hoping that the next time you step into
the liquor store and take a peak at their
tequila you will have feelings of
happiness that are enough to buy some
tequila! Classical conditioning is every
where!
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© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning:
- positive reinforcement
- negative reinforcement
- punishment
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Positive Reinforcement
Issues in the use of
positive reinforcement:
- timing:
- delay of reinforcement
- consistency in the
delivery of
reinforcement
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Positive Reinforcement (cont.)
Issues in the use of positive reinforcement
(cont.):
- primary reinforcers
- secondary reinforcers
- schedules of reinforcement:
- fixed ratio
- variable ratio
- fixed interval
- variable interval
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Schedules of Reinforcement
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Positive Reinforcement
Shaping:
- method of
successive
approximations
- Skinner box
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Negative Reinforcement
Negative reinforcement:
- removal or avoidance of a negative event
- escape conditioning
- avoidance conditioning
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Punishment
Punishment:
- a negative consequence that leads to
a reduction in the frequency of
the behavior that produced it
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Punishment (cont.)
Dangers of punishment:
- reinforcing to the punisher
- generalized inhibiting effect
- learning to dislike and act aggressively
toward the punisher
- criticism trap
- does not teach appropriate behavior
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Punishment (cont.)
Guidelines for the use of punishment:
- do not use physical punishment
- punish the inappropriate behavior immediately
- positively reinforce appropriate behavior to
take the place of the inappropriate
behavior
- punish specific behaviors
- do not mix punishment with rewards for the
same behavior
- do not back down
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Contrasting Classical and
Operant Conditioning
Classical
conditioning:
- association between
two stimuli
- involves reflexive,
involuntary
behaviors
- UCS is paired with the
CS independent of
individual’s
behavior
Operant conditioning
- association between a
response and the
resulting
consequence
- complicated voluntary
behaviors
- reinforcing
consequence
occurs only if the
response being
conditioned has just
been elicited
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1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the
shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back.
Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after
hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.
2. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in
college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue
to get better in your second year.
3. Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start
the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to
start the car without buckling the seat belt.
4. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However,
you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever
you smell it.
5. An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are
administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug
itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the
clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.
© 2012 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the
shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back.
Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after
hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.
CC
2. Your father gives you a credit card at the end of your first year in
college because you did so well. As a result, your grades continue
to get better in your second year.
OP
3. Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start
the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to
start the car without buckling the seat belt.
OP
4. You eat a new food and then get sick because of the flu. However,
you develop a dislike for the food and feel nauseated whenever
you smell it.
CC
5. An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are
administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug
itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the
clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.
CC
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Theoretical Interpretations of
Learning
Cognition or
connection?
- place learning:
- cognitive map
- latent learning
- insight learning and
learning sets:
- insight
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Theoretical Interpretations of
Learning (cont.)
Modeling:
- eliciting desired behavior by showing how
it is done
- Albert Bandura:
- modeling:
- Bobo doll
- vicarious reinforcement
- vicarious punishment
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Theoretical Interpretations of
Learning (cont.)
Biological factors in learning:
- Cook and Mineka:
- lab monkeys fearful of snakes after watching
video
- John Garcia:
- learned taste aversion:
- chemotherapy side effect
- wildlife preservation:
- sheep and coyotes
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Classical Conditioning
Taste Aversion
John Garcia
Can learn association
between taste and nausea
even hours after eating
Adaptive for survival
Challenged idea that pairing
must be immediate
Examples:
Problems for chemotherapy
patients
Mr. Koch’s dad & chocolate
milk
Binge drinkers and tequila
Nausea-inducing drugs &
alcohol
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