Download HGS42 Finals Review Sheet by Shelley Chen

HGS42 Finals Review Sheet by Shelley Chen
CHAPTER 12
 Tang Dynasty – (618-907) China’s Golden Age. Much land was conquered, including Korea. The network of roads and
canals was expanded and the central government was strengthened. Foreign trade was promoted and agriculture improved.
The civil service exam was revived and a bureaucracy was established. This led to a highly capable and intelligent governing
class.
 Tang Taizong – (626-649) Expanded civil service system, which included a tough exam to pass; thus, talented/smart people
headed the government. He also re-conquered the lands China had lost since the fall of the Han Dynasty.
 Wuzhao – (625-705) The empress who ruled “behind the scenes.” At one point, she claimed the title of emperor for herself.
Addressed government corruption and reduced taxes, while using crude methods to gain power.
 Song Dynasty - (960 – 1279) Initially, southern and northern China were not unified  warlords. Taizu then reunited the two
parts and called himself the emperor. Economic growth, ocean trade (nearly global trade network), new rice crop led to
increase in agriculture, shipbuilding, food surplus, food production, money-ed economy (commercial revolution).
 Li Po – A Tang poet who wrote about life’s pleasures.
 Movable type – Many books were thus printed and made available to the general public.
 Gunpowder – Led, in time, to the invention of explosive weapons, such as guns and bombs.
 Compass – It was used to navigate the seas and expanded China’s global trade network.
 Mongol Conquest – The Mongols were “barbarians” who pillaged other empires and kingdoms during the Golden Ages of
China and Japan. They were horseback warriors and nomads.
 Pastoralists – Nomadic people who herded domesticated animals for a living.
 Genghis Khan – Led the Mongols in conquering much of Asia. Sought and defeated rivals one by one, while destroying city
after city in Central Asia. Soon, all of Central Asia was in his control. He was a brilliant organizer, a gifted strategist, and
used terror as a weapon.
 Kublai Khan – Genghis Khan’s grandson. Conquered all of China and established the Yuan Dynasty (became their emperor).
He moved to Beijing for a settled way of life and attempted to conquer Japan, only to be defeated by a typhoon that the
Japanese claim to be “kamikaze,” the divine winds that saved them. Foreign trade increased and the highest government
positions were given to foreigners. He also expanded the Grand Canal.
 Pax Mongolica – The period of Mongol peace, when the Mongols imposed stability throughout Asia.
 Kamikaze – The typhoon winds that wrecked the Mongols’ ships when they tried to conquer Japan. “Divine wind.”
 Marco Polo – The Italian merchant who traveled to China during the Yuan Dynasty. Spoke of China’s fabulous cities and
recorded some of the aspects of their way of life.
 Yuan Dynasty – The dynasty during which the Mongols ruled China. Lasted less than a century. Declined when Kublai Khan
died and struggles for the throne occurred. The Chinese overthrew the Mongols and established the Ming Dynasty.
 Yamato Emperors – The leading clan that called themselves the emperors of Japan. They didn’t even control much of Japan,
but later on, the Japanese accepted the idea of having an emperor. Rival clans, however, fought often and the winning clan
would have the actual ruling power, even when the Yamato were never overthrown. (In other words, the Yamato emperors
were figureheads with no actual power; the people who had the actual ruling power were the winning clan.)
 Shinto – Japanese religion in which nature gods/goddesses were worshipped. (The gods/goddesses varied according to each
clan.) Respect for the forces of nature. Believed that beautiful trees, rocks, waterfalls, and mountains were homes of a kami
(god).
 Prince Shotoku - Sent missions to China to study their culture, converted to Buddhism.
 Heian Period - Period in Japanese history when a highly refined court society rose in Heian (capital of Japan at the time);
strict rules dictated court life.
 Tale of Genji - Written by Lady Murasaki about life of a prince in the imperial court. Long prose narrative, world’s 1 st novel.
 Samurai – Local warriors of a warlord in Japan who were expected to follow the Code of Bushido.
 Bushido – A demanding code of behavior. Samurai were expected to show reckless courage, reverence for gods, fairness, and
generosity toward weaker people. Dying an honorable death was more valued than living a long life.
 Shogun – Military dictator of Japan.
 Kamakura Shogunate - Center of power was at shogun’s military headquarters at Kamakura. Ended when samurais didn’t get
paid and thus became more loyal to their lords. As a result, warlords fought each other fiercely.
 Daimyo – Japanese feudal lord with the control of an army of samurai.
 Francis Xavier – One of the first Catholic missionaries to travel to Japan. For about 90 years, missionaries were allowed to
travel freely.
 Japan under Tokugawa – Christianity was banned and all foreigners were banned, except for the Dutch. A policy of
isolationism was established and Japan pretty much fell behind.
 Zen – Japanese meditation. Zen Buddhism emphasized peace and tranquility.
 Khmer Empire – Empire in SE Asia that was reliant on rice cultivation. Capital = Angkor.
 Angkor Wat – Hindu temple dedicated to Vishnu in Angkor. World’s largest religious structure.
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Koryu Dynasty – Period of Korean history during which a civil service exam system was also established. The high positions
of the government were inherited and only nobles were able to take the CS exam.
CHAPTER 13
 Middle Ages – Medieval period, considered the “Dark Ages” in comparison to the Renaissance, which came right after.
 Franks – A Germanic people in Gaul, whose leader was Clovis.
 Monasteries – Religious communities where monks and nuns came to give up their possessions and devote their life to their
religion.
 Benedict – An Italian monk who wrote a book describing a strict but practical set of rules for monasteries. Eventually, many
monasteries in Western Europe adopted this code of conduct.
 Secular – worldly, non-religious
 Charles Martel – Expanded the rule of the Franks and defeated Muslim raiders from Spain in the Battle of Tours (Christian
hero).
 Carolingian Dynasty – The line of descendants of Charles Martel and his son Pepin, who ruled the Franks.
 Charlemagne – Defeated rivals and conquered many lands in the south and east  reunited Western Europe and spread
Christianity. Limited the power of the nobles and monitored his empire closely. Encouraged learning and opened schools.
 Feudalism – Decentralized government in which vassals were given land in exchange for protection for the lord.
 Vikings – Scandinavian and Germanic people who were seafaring raiders.
 Longboats – Large ships that were able to 300 warriors and sail in shallow waters. Allowed Vikings to sail in creeks and raid
inland villages.
 Vassal – The person receiving the land. He is responsible for the protection of the lord.
 Fief – The land that the lord grants to a vassal.
 Serf – People bound to the land on which they were born, treated as slaves.
 Knight – Mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lords’ land in exchange for fiefs.
 Chivalry – Honorable code for knights.
 Manor – The lord’s estate.
 Tithe – Church tax paid by peasant families, 1/10 of their income.
 Clergy – All religious officials.
CHAPTER 14
 High Middle Ages – Period of European history during which the economy improved and the population increased. Many
social and political changes occurred.
 Gothic Cathedrals – A new style of architecture which included flying buttresses, pointed arches, stained glass windows, and
brighter lighting.
 Commercial Revolution - Expansion in trade and business, increased availability of trade goods, new ways of doing business.
 Three-field system – 2/3 of a farmer’s land was used each year for growing crops, as opposed to 1/2. Higher crop yield.
 Burghers – Merchant class town dwellers.
 Guilds - People of the same occupation who formed a union for social and economic rights, higher quality goods, prices kept
up, and more control over cities/government.
 Simony - Buying and selling government offices. (corrupt)
 Heresy – Belief contrary to a religious doctrine.
 Inquisition - Church court held to suppress heresy in Spain.
 Francis of Assisi – An Italian saint who founded an order of friars who supported the belief that all creatures should be
treated as if they were their spiritual siblings.
 William the Conqueror – Duke of Normandy who conquered England and claimed English crown, after his victory against
Harold, his rival. Granted land to his loyal lords.
 Battle of Hastings - decisive victory where William the Conqueror wins over Harold
 Henry II of England – His marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine added Aquitaine to his land, which already included
Normandy and England. Strengthened the royal courts of justice.
 Common law – The rulings of English judges, which became a unified body of laws. Basis for laws today.
 Thomas Aquinas - Argued that “most basic religious truths could be proved by logic.” He and his fellow scholars met at
universities.
 Scholastics – Emphasis on logic. Their teachings on law and governing influenced the thinking of Western Europeans.
 The Crusades – A series of religious wars fought for control over Jerusalem. It means “holy war.”
 Pope Urban II – Issued a call for the First Crusade, thus launching a series of crusades for Jerusalem.
 Saladin – The Muslim leader who eventually captures Jerusalem by the end of the Crusades.
 Richard the Lion-Hearted – The English king and brilliant warrior who tried to recapture Jerusalem in the 3rd Crusade, only to
fail and thus, Jerusalem remained under Muslim control.
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Reconquista – Efforts to drive Muslims out of Spain.
Holy Land – Jerusalem.
Consequences of the Crusades – The trade between SW Asia and Europe increased significantly, since many people left their
homelands to travel. The pope’s power decreased, as well as the feudal nobility’s, while the kings had more power. The
prejudice against the Muslims by the Christians left them very bitter. Many knights died and others lost their fortunes.
Vernacular – The everyday language spoken in one’s homeland.
Magna Carta – The document King John (brother of Richard the Lion-Hearted) was forced to sign, guaranteeing basic
political rights to the English nobles and limiting the king’s power. Later, people argued that certain parts of the MC applied
to all citizens, which included no taxation without representation, the right to a jury trial, and the protection of the law.
Parliament – Representatives of each borough and county in the legislative group. Included both commoners and nobles.
Estates-General – The assembly of church leaders, great lords, and commoners/merchants/wealthy landowners by the French
king to garner more support for his policies.
Pope Boniface VIII – Attempted to reinforce papal authority over kings. Philip IV of France imprisoned him instead and he
died, despite being rescued. Never again would a pope be able to force a king to obey him.
Avignon – The French city in which some of the popes lived for a few decades.
Great Schism – The incident in which three people claimed to be the pope at the same time. In the end, all three were forced
to resign and the papacy was significantly weakened.
John Wycliffe – Preached that Jesus Christ was the head of the Church, not the pope. Offended by the luxury that the clergy
displayed. Believed that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life, not the pope.
Jan Hus – Influenced by Wycliffe, he taught that the Bible was the final authority. He was thus excommunicated, imprisoned,
tried as a heretic, and then burned at the stake.
“Little Ice Age” – A period of time during which the global temperatures dropped gradually. (Not sure about this, it wasn’t in
the textbook, sorry >_< )
Black Death/Bubonic Plague – Black Death epidemic that spread across Europe and some of Asia, wiping out 1/3 of the
population and ripped the very fabric of society. Trade declined, nobles resisted peasant revolts, Jews were blamed for it and
many were killed, and the Church lost its prestige, since the prayers didn’t help to stop the disease.
Hundred Years’ War – War between France and England, with England wanting to conquer France, due to France’s lack of a
successor to the throne.
Joan of Arc – A teenage girl who led the French to break through the Siege of Orleans and thus, to French victory. Was
eventually captured by the English and burned, without any attempt by Charles VII of France to save her.
Siege of Orleans – Orleans, the French fort city, was under siege of the English and Joan of Arc was able to save the city.
Longbow - Cheap, easy to carry, powerful bow that was fast to launch and pierced armor. Revolutionized warfare. Knights’
armors were useless.
CHAPTER 15
 Lineage – Descendants of a common ancestor.
 Stateless societies – Societies with no centralized governments. Lineages had equal power.
 Patrilineal – Families’ ancestries are traced through their fathers. Inheritance is from father to son and when a son marries, his
family is a part of his father’s extended family.
 Matrilineal – Ancestry is traced through mothers and young men inherit property from their mothers. Even so, males still
hold the authority in the family.
 Maghrib – The region of North Africa bordering the Mediterranean coast.
 Ghana – African kingdom that taxed surrounding areas and also taxed all goods that passed through their area from traders.
The ruler had a large supply of gold, thus limiting the supply that others had and keeping the value of gold very high. Many
of its people converted to Islam.
 Gold and salt trade – Taxes were imposed on both goods and collected for the Ghana empire.
 Sundiata – Mali’s first great leader who conquered Ghana. Re-established gold-salt trade and appointed able administrators to
monitor Mali’s finances, defense, and foreign affairs.
 Mansa Musa – Mali’s next Muslim ruler who expanded the size of the empire. He appointed governors to sections of the land
who then ruled fairly and efficiently.
 Ibn Battuta – Traveled through many Muslim cities in African and praised them for their study of the Qur’an, but criticized
their un-strict way of practicing Islam’s moral code. Impressed by Mali’s justice system and was able to travel safely.
 Songhai – When Mali declined, people under their control broke away, including the Songhai people in the East. They
extended their land to the Niger River and dominated over important trade routes.
 Benin – A major W African kingdom known for their crafts, such as ivory masks and bronze/brass sculptures.
 Swahili – Blend of Bantu and Arabic language.
 Kilwa – Wealthy port city in Africa that lied south enough along the coast as a ship from India could sail in one monsoon
season. Many trading goods stopped in Kilwa. Later on, Kilwa conquered Sofala, a port city that was also a gold trade center,
thus adding to Kilwa’s wealth and power.
 Great Zimbabwe – City near the route linking goldfields to Sofala, taxed all the traders who used the route. Great wealth.
CHAPTER 16
 Potlatch - Ceremony where families gave away food/drinks/gifts to community to show off wealth.
 Anasazi – Lived in SW US, built pueblos (cliff dwellings).
 Hopewell – A distinct culture living to the East of the Anasazi who built mounds for burial. The mounds may have also been
used for religious ceremonies.
 Mound Builders – A unique culture of people east of the Mississippi who built mounds for burying the dead.
 Iroquois – The political alliance between five tribes in upstate NY, formed to ensure protection of tribal lands.
 Maya – Empire in southern Mexico and northern Central America, known for its trade cities and accurate solar calendar.
 Tikal – A major urban center. All urban centers had pyramids, temples, and palaces in the center with residential areas
surrounding it.
 Glyphs – Mayan hieroglyphic system of 800 symbols.
 Codex – A bark-paper book used to record historical events.
 Popul Vuh – Mayan version of the story of creation.
 Aztec – Empire in Central Mexico, known for their warlike people and practice of human sacrifices.
 Tenochtitlan – Aztec capital and major urban center with a huge market at its heart. The Great Temple was located at the
center, dedicated to the sun and rain gods.
 Quetzalcoatl – Topiltzin encouraged Aztecs to worship this god, in an attempt to change the Toltec religion and stop the
human sacrifices.
 Chinampas – Farm plots built on the marshy fringes of the lake. Extremely productive “floating gardens.”
 Montezuma II – An Aztec ruler. He called for even more tributes and sacrifices from the provinces the Aztecs ruled, but
many of them rebelled.
 Inca – An empire built in the region of Peru. Extensive road system and spoke Quechua. Government based on allyus,
extended family groups. Each family does a certain amount of work as a tribute.
 Ayllu – Extended family group.
 Mita – Labor tribute to the government.
 Machu Picchu – City in the Incan empire that had a brilliant sun temple for worshipping.
 Atahualpa – He and his brother, Huascar, fought in a civil war to earn control of the Incan empire, but he won anyway. The
civil war tore apart the empire.
 Quipu – A set of knotted strings used to record data.
 Cuzco – Religious capital of the Incan empire.
CHAPTER 17
 Renaissance – (1300s-1600s) Explosion of creativity, art, writing, and thought in Italy.
 Dante – An Italian writer who wrote in vernacular, instead of Latin.
 Humanism - Intellectual movement focusing on human potential and achievements.
 Petrarch - Father of Renaissance humanism, wrote poems in Italian and Latin.
 Raphael – Painter, famous for use of perspective.
 Castiglione – wrote The Courtier, a book discussing how to become the ideal “Renaissance man”
 Isabella d’Este – Woman patron of arts. When her husband was captured in war, she defended Mantua and was able to win
his release with her skills in politics.
 Medici family - A powerful banking family who controlled Florence in 1400s.
 Florence – Italian city that the Renaissance greatly affected. Ruled by the Medicis in the 1400s.
 Donatello – Sculptor who made them realistic by carving natural postures and expressions that revealed personality.
 Machiavelli – wrote The Prince, a book that discussed how a prince should rule, “The ends justify the means.”
 Michelangelo – Sculptor who used realistic style to depict human body.
 Leonardo da Vinci - Painter, sculptor, inventor, scientist, an example of the ideal “Renaissance man.”
 Thomas More – wrote Utopia, a book describing an ideal society where money has little value.
 Erasmus – wrote Praise of Folly, a book that poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and
pompous priests. Believed everyone should study Bible to improve society.
 Christine de Pizan – Woman reformer who wanted education for children of both genders, was highly educated, and made a
living writing.
 Johann Gutenberg – Improved printing press, which produced books quickly and cheaply and thus, increased literacy and
availability of knowledge.
 Protestant Reformation – The breaking off of different churches from Roman Catholic. Lutheranism, Anglicanism,
Calvinism, etc.
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Savonarola – An Italian friar who was known for his prophecies of civic glory and calls for Christian renewal. He overthrew
the Medicis.
Gutenberg Bible – A complete Bible, the 1st full-sized book to be printed with movable type.
Martin Luther – Founder of Lutheranism. Supporter of salvation by faith alone, church reformer, wrote 95 Theses and stuck
to church door. His ideas spread and he had support of princes.
95 Theses – List of reasons why the Roman Catholic Church was corrupt and it needed to be reformed. Written by Martin
Luther.
Indulgences – Good works sold as a “ticket” to God’s forgiveness and thus salvation (released sinner from penalty).
Pope Leo X – Threatened to excommunicate Luther if he didn’t take what he wrote about the Church. Martin Luther didn’t,
so he did excommunicate him.
Tetzel - Sold indulgences to raise money for his church.
Wittenberg – The city where 95 Theses was posted and Luther’s ideas were first put into practice.
Peace of Augsburg – Agreement in which Charles V allowed princes to choose religion of their own state.
German Peasants’ Revolt – Peasants were inspired by Luther’s talks and thus revolted and demanded an end to serfdom.
Luther urged the princes to show no mercy, so many were killed. Peasants felt betrayed and rejected his religious leadership.
John Calvin – Founder of Calvinism and published Institutes of the Christian Religion, which was basically a summary of
Protestant theology. He believed in predestination, which means God has already decided since the beginning of time who
will be saved and who will not.
Henry VIII – English king and founder of Anglican Church. Needed male heir but his wife was too old, divorce needed.
Thus, he established the Anglican Church, which was no different from the Roman Catholic, except divorce was allowed.
Catherine of Aragon - 1st wife who gives Henry VIII a daughter, but was too old for another birth.
Anne Boleyn - 2nd wife of Henry, gave birth to Elizabeth I.
Church of England – (Anglican Church) no different from Roman Catholic Church, except divorces were allowed.
Predestination – Belief that God has already decided who to save and who to not save since the beginning of time.
Theocracy - Government headed by religious leaders.
John Knox – A Scottish preacher who brought Calvin’s ideas back to Scotland and put them into practice. Scotland’s official
religion later became Calvinism/Presbyterianism.
Anabaptists – Believed that adults needed to be re-baptized since they can decide on their faith then. Faced much persecution.
Pacifists, shared all possessions, kept Church and state separated, became the basis for the Amish people.
Huguenots – French Calvinists.
Catholic Reformation – (Counter Reformation) An attempt to help Catholics remain loyal.
Council of Trent – Basic ideas: (1) reaffirmed Church’s authority when interpreting Bible, (2) indulgences were okay, (3)
reaffirmed pope’s authority.
Ignatius Loyola – Wrote spiritual exercises in book, founded group of Jesuits.
Jesuits – Ignatius’ followers who founded schools in Europe, converted others to Catholicism, and tried to stop the spread of
Protestantism.
Pope Paul III – A reformer of the Catholic Church. He called the Council of Trent and approved the Jesuit order. He also
ordered a council of cardinals to investigate selling indulgences and other abuses.
Index of Forbidden Books – List of books forbidden by the Church. These books were considered harmful to the Catholic
faith.
CHAPTER 18
 Ottomans – Kingdom of Muslim Turks in Anatolia where the use of gunpowder was important (musket-carrying foot
soldiers).
 Sultan – “Overlord” or the ruler of the Ottomans.
 Mehmed II - Conquered Constantinople and changed its name to Istanbul, allowed people of different religions and
backgrounds to rebuild the city from ruins.
 1453 Conquest of Constantinople – Mehmed II conquered the city by attacking it from both sides and breaking its wall to
enter the city.
 Suleyman the Lawgiver - Ruled Ottomans at the height of the empire! Conquered many lands, led unsuccessful siege of
Vienna, simplified and limited taxes, systematized government bureaucracy, established janissaries and devshirme system,
patron of arts.
 Devshirme system - Sultan’s army drafted boys of conquered people and educated them, turned them to Muslims, and trained
them as soldiers.
 Janissaries - Elite force of 30,000 soldiers all loyal to sultan. Parents willingly gave up their children to be trained as
janissaries, since it was considered an honor.
 Safavids - Muslim empire in Persia. Cultural blend of Persians, Ottomans, and Arabs.
 Ismail - Shah (king) of Safavids. Conquered Iran and religiously persecuted the non-Shi’a (through execution).
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Tamerlane - Rebellious warrior and conqueror who wrecked Baghdad, which led to a temporary halt to Ottoman expansion.
Babur – Founder of Mughals. As a young kid, he was supposed to inherit a kingdom in the area, but elders took it away from
him. He then went south and raised an army to re-conquer the land and established the Mughal Empire.
Mughal Empire - Mongol empire in Central Asia. It was attacked and weakened by Turkish people at one point, but
eventually it was rebuilt and Babur took control.
Akbar - Babar’s grandson. Equipped army with heavy artillery, turned potential enemies into allies, demonstrated religious
tolerance (Hindu princess wives), established bureaucracy, made taxes based on income, granted land to bureaucrats (not to
be inherited) (caused lack of dedication, but prevented feudal aristocracy).
Jahangir – Akbar’s son who never lived up to his potential and allowed her wife, Nur Jahan to be the true ruler.
Shah Jahan - Assassinated his rivals and built Taj Mahal as a memorial for his beloved wife. Was buried there with his wife.
Taj Mahal – Memorial built to honor Shah Jahan’s beloved wife.
Aurangzeb – Persecuted Hindus, re-established jizya (non-Muslim tax), and destroyed temples.
Nanak – A thinker who tried to blend the beliefs of Hinduism and Buddhism. He became the leader of a new religion.
Sikhs - Nonviolent religious group that Khusrau turned to for protection after his rebellion against his father. Became target
of Mughals’ hatred and violence.
CHAPTER 19
 God, Gold, Glory – The motivation behind the Age of Exploration. Europeans sought a new route to Asia to avoid the tax on
goods from the Muslims and they wanted to establish a profitable trade, as well as spread Christianity.
 Bartholomeu Diaz – Early Portuguese explorer who sought to spread Christianity.
 Prince Henry the Navigator – He helped to launch the Age of Exploration, since he opened a school of navigation. He had a
great interest in sailing.
 Vasco da Gama – Portuguese explorer who sailed around the tip of Africa to India and established a direct sea route for their
trade.
 Line of Demarcation – Line drawn longitudinally in the Atlantic to divide the lands between Spain and Portugal in agreement
to settle a conflict. All lands east belonged to Portugal and all lands west belonged to Spain.
 Treaty of Tordesillas – (see above, Line of Demarcation).
 Dutch East India Company – Dutch company used to establish and direct trade in Asia. Conquered lands in Asia and fought
with other European countries for dominance in the region.
 Ming Dynasty – The dynasty that began after the Mongols were driven out of China by a Chinese army led by Hongwu.
China became a dominant power. “Golden Age” of China.
 Zheng He – Muslim who led 7 expeditions to explore Western world, showed off China’s wealth during voyages.
 Matteo Ricci - One of the founding figures of the Chinese Jesuit missionary movement, brought knowledge of European
science and technology.
 Manchus – The people of Manchuria (NE of the Great Wall) who invaded China after the Ming Dynasty and established the
Qing Dynasty.
 Qing Dynasty – Dynasty under the Manchus. Much conquest and expansion occurred during this time.
 Kangxi – Reduced government expenses and taxes, scholar and patron of the arts, listened to Jesuits in court talk about
science, math, and medicine.
 Lord Macartney’s mission to China - Delivered letter from King George III of Britain to Qian-long, asking for a better trade
agreement. British efforts to ease China’s strict trade regulations.
 Haiku – form of Japanese poem where there are 5 syllables in the first line and then 7 and then 5. Often used to depict
imagery.
 Kabuki – A traditional form of theatre with extravagant costumes, masklike makeup, and exaggerated gestures.
 Closed Country Policy – Trade with European countries was banned and no foreigners were allowed into Japan. Nor were
any Japanese allowed out of the country or any Japanese back into the country. Isolationism. Japan became self-sufficient.
 Zen Buddhism – Buddhism that involved meditation. Strict discipline of the mind and body would lead one to the path of
wisdom.
CHAPTER 20
 Age of Exploration – Period of time during which Europeans explored the Americas and established colonies, while
searching for a route to Asia.
 Caravel – Sturdy ship with triangular sails used for sailing effectively against the wind.
 Christopher Columbus - Italian sent by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to find a new route to Asia that does not pass through
the Middle East. Found the Americas instead.
 Verrazano – Sent by France to explore the northern region and find a route to the Pacific, discovered NY harbor.
 Champlain – Established Quebec (up the St. Lawrence).
 Henry Hudson – Sent by the Dutch in search of a water route to Asia, but explored 3 bodies of water instead, all of which are
now named after him.
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John Cabot – Italian explorer who found parts of North America (thought to be the first person to arrive at NA since the
Vikings).
Columbian Exchange – Global trade of foods, plants, animals, and goods between Americas and Europe/Asia/Africa.
Livestock to Americas, tobacco and sugarcane to Eu/As/Afr.
Transatlantic Slave Trade – Natives were of no use (many died and escaped), so Africans were used as slaves instead. They
were shipped from Africa to the Americas across the Atlantic in the Middle Passage.
Montezuma – Aztec emperor who gave the Spanish gold, since he worshipped the Spanish and thought they were gods.
Hernando Cortes – Colonized Mexico and conquered the Aztecs (superior weaponry and Aztecs’ enemies as allies).
Malinche – Native woman who played a crucial role in the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs as a translator, considered a
traitor.
Conquistador - Cortes and his fellow Spanish explorers.
Atahualpa – King of the Incans who was captured and killed; his death led to a decline in the morale of his soldiers.
Pizarro – Conquered the Inca in Peru, ruthlessly killed the unarmed Incans, killed Atahualpa even when ransom was paid,
captured Cuzco capital without struggle.
Encomienda – System in which a landowner would be the master of his land and could order natives to do work for him.
Mestizo – Mixed Spanish and Native American population.
Bartolome de Las Casas – Protested against use of natives as slaves, suggested Africans instead, but then changed his mind.
Neither should be used as slaves, since it was too cruel.
Charles V – Philip II’s father.
New France – France’s colonial empire in North America, which was Quebec (Canada) and Louisiana.
Jamestown - 1st English colony. Had a disastrous beginning when everyone was neglecting their duties and searching for gold
instead. They discovered tobacco, which was high in demand in England, so it became a cash crop.
Pilgrims - The English Puritans who sought religious freedom and established the Plymouth colony.
Puritans – English Protestants.
New Netherlands - Dutch colonies in North America, mostly around New York.
Triangular Trade - Network of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. (depicted below)
Middle Passage – The voyage from Africa to the Americas. Slaves were aboard and many died under horrible conditions
(some committed suicide by drowning).
Capitalism – Concept of private ownership and investment, profit & reinvest, with no government involvement. Allowed
economic flourishing in Europe.
Joint stock company – Company where several individuals invest in a common purpose. All profit and damage is equally
distributed. Similar to modern-day corporations.
Mercantilism - Theory that power of a nation depended on its wealth. Favorable balance of trade is necessary or it should be
independent of other countries. Supported colonization.
Favorable balance of trade – More exports than imports  more money earned than used.
CHAPTER 21
 Philip II - Charles’ son and devout Catholic. Tried to defend Catholicism and punish Protestant England, but he was defeated.
 Battle of Lepanto – Battle in which Spain defeated the Ottomans, huge victory for Christianity.
 Spanish Armada - Philip II’s attempt to punish Elizabeth I and Protestant England with his navy. Major defeat.
 Velazquez – Spanish painter of the Spanish royalty, used rich colors.
 El Greco – Spanish painter that showed Catholic faith, used brilliant colors, distorted human figures. His works were
emotionally symbolic.
 Cervantes – writer of Don Quixote (about a Spanish nobleman who fought windmills).
 Dutch Revolt – The Dutch revolted against their Spanish rulers and claimed independence. The Netherlands became a
republic.
 Dutch Republic – Each province had an elected governor who needed the support of merchants and landholders.
 Rembrandt - Dutch artist who painted merchants and wealthy middle class. Used sharp contrasts of light and dark.
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French Religious Wars of the 16th Century – War of the Three Henries, Thirty Years’ War.
Henry IV of Navarre - Son-in-law of Catherine Medici, Huguenot. Won the War of the Three Henries and became the king of
France.
Edict of Nantes - Henry Navarre passed this to declare religious toleration.
Huguenots – French Protestants.
Cardinal Richelieu - Background ruler of France during the reign of Louis XIII. Strengthened monarch’s power and France’s
political position in Europe.
Intendants – Holder of a public administrative office. Their power increased during Louis XIV’s reign.
Hapsburgs – Ruling royal family of Austria, Catholic. Fought in the Thirty Years’ War.
Descartes – Mathematician/philosopher who wrote Discourse on Method, a guide for “seeking truth in science.”
Thirty Years’ War - Hapsburg Catholics vs. Protestants & France. Fought over territory and religion.
Treaty of Westphalia - Weakened Hapsburgs, added German territory to France, and German princes became independent of
Holy Roman Emperor. Ended religious wars in Europe and introduced new method of peaceful negotiation to settle
problems.
Louis XIV – (Sun King) Most powerful French ruler, built Palace of Versailles to display power, forced all nobles to live
with him at the Versailles, cancelled Edict of Nantes.
Colbert - Minister of finance (during reign of Louis XIV) who believed in mercantilism, expanded manufacturing in France,
encouraged colonization.
Versailles Palace - Louis XIV’s palace where nobles lived and greeted him every day. Displayed grandeur and power.
Balance of power – Defensive strategy in which none of the countries dominate over the other. Led to war of Spanish
Succession.
War of Spanish Succession - Spanish throne was supposed to go to Louis’ grandson, but England, Austria, Netherlands, and
Portugal protested. In the end, Louis’ grandson got the throne anyway and the British won territory.
Ivan IV – (Ivan the Terrible) Czar of Russia who had a “good period” while his beautiful wife was alive. As soon as she died,
he assembled his own private army to murder people he considered traitors. Many people died and during a quarrel, he even
killed his oldest son, leaving his weak second son to rule.
Romanovs – Family of Peter the Great who came to power in the 1600s. They ruled for 300 years.
Peter the Great – Czar of Russia who tried to westernize the country. He had great interest in Western Europe and even
traveled there himself to learn more. Foreigners were invited to Russia to educate the people and he sent officials out of
Russia to study in W Europe.
Westernization – Using Western Europe as a model for change.
Great Northern War – End result = Sweden lost leading power of Baltic region, Russia replaced them.
Maria Theresa – Charles VI’s heir to the Hapsburg throne. Many thought she would be a weak ruler, since she was a woman,
so the War of Austrian Succession was fought.
Prussia – A German kingdom ruled by the Hohenzollerns.
Hohenzollerns – Ruling family of Prussia.
Frederick William I – Father of Frederick the Great, forced him to witness the death of his friend. Under him, Prussia became
a military society, since he greatly expanded the army.
Junkers – Prussia’s landowning nobility.
Frederick II – (Frederick the Great) Followed his father’s military policies but softened some of his laws. Encouraged
religious toleration and legal reform. “A rule should be like a father to his people.”
Seven Years’ War – Fought after Prussia and Austria switched allies. Britain and Prussia vs. Austria, France, Russia, and
other European countries. Did not change the territorial situation in Europe.
James I – Ruler of England after Elizabeth, struggled with Parliament for money, refused to make Puritan reforms.
Divine right – The monarch is God’s representative on Earth.
King James Bible – The “authoritative” form of the Bible at that time.
Charles I - James I’s son, constantly at war with France and Spain, needed money all the time and disagreed with Parliament
often, forced to sign Petition of Rights for money but ignored it.
English Civil War – Monarchy (Royalists) vs. Parliament (Roundheads) (had model army who was loyal).
Oliver Cromwell – Led Puritan army in English Civil War, established commonwealth and became military dictator.
Cavaliers – Royalists in support of the monarch.
Roundheads – Puritans and Parliament who were against the monarchy (Charles I). Had a new model army.
Puritans – English Protestants.
Charles II – Older son of Charles I, passed Habeas Corpus.
Habeas Corpus – Gave prisoners right to trial and people couldn’t be arrested for opposing the ruler.
James II – Violated English laws, appointed Catholics to office (Protestants were afraid of line of Catholic kings), dissolved
Parliament.
Glorious Revolution – James II’s daughter Mary and William of Orange (of the Netherlands) led an army to London and
James II fled. Peaceful overthrow of James II.
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Bill of Rights – No suspension of Parliament laws, no taxation without representation, freedom of speech in Parliament, no
penalty for petitioners.
William and Mary – Rulers of England, constitutional monarchy that recognized Parliament as partner, agreed to limit
monarch power.
Absolute monarchy – System of government in which the king has all the power and controls every aspect of the empire.
GOOD LUCK ON THE GLOBAL FINALS! 