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Pre-AP Biology Ecology Exam Study Guide Which type of evidence would indicate that one species is better at competition against another species for space or some other limiting resource? If the population of one species decreases dramatically in the presence of the second (see left) or if like in the barnacle example (right) the smaller Chthamalus is restricted to just the high tide line by Balanus. When Balanus was removed, Chthamalus covers to low-tide line. Given a food-web, how would you correctly identify a: producer, herbivore, carnivore, and omnivore? Given a food-web, how would you correctly identify a: producer, herbivore, carnivore, and omnivore? H is a carnivore C & D are herbivores E is an omnivore A & B are producers such as plants Describe and explain the logistic model of population growth: Describe and explain the logistic model of population growth: Red = growth starts slow (lag phase) and then accelerates (exponential) Blue = growth slows as density-dependent factors such as competition for resources limits growth Dashed line = carrying capacity Describe the changes that occur in an ecosystem during secondary ecological succession in Northern Arizona, following a fire: Describe the changes that occur in an ecosystem during secondary ecological succession in Northern Arizona, following a fire: After fire kills the adult trees, aspen seedlings colonize. The aspen grow to mature trees. Conifer seedlings sprout in the understory. They are shade-adapted and readily grow up until they are as tall as the aspen. The aspen die of old age, but no new aspen seedlings sprout because they are not shade-tolerant and can not survive in the understory of the conifer trees. What kind of evidence would indicate that an ecological relationship is mutualistic? A mutualistic relationship benefits both organisms: + , +. For example, most (if not all plants) have a mutualistic relationship with fungi called mycorrhizae . The plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates (energy in the form of sugars that the plants produce via photosynthesis) and the fungus coats the plant’s roots increasing the surface area for the absorption of micronutrients (such as minerals) and water. How do keystone species such as the sea otter affect the biodiversity of their habitats? How do keystone species such as the sea otter affect the biodiversity of their habitats? Sea otters prey upon urchins. Urchins feed on kelp. If otter population drops, sea urchin population would increase and kelp would decrease. As a result of the loss of kelp in the kelp-forest habitat, the biodiversity of that habitat would be expected to decrease. Draw a graph that shows the relationship between predator and prey populations over time (like we saw for the rabbit and lynx simulation). Add the following to the graph: population of the herbivore’s preferred plant food and population of a plant that is not edible due to the presence of poisonous chemical compounds. Draw a graph that shows the relationship between predator and prey populations over time (like we saw for the rabbit and lynx simulation). Add the following to the graph: population of the herbivore’s preferred plant food and population of a plant that is not edible due to the presence of poisonous chemical compounds. Inedible plant (ml) 1. What is the mean growth rate of P. caudatum from day 2 to 6? 2. What does the carrying capacity of P. caudatum appear to be? (ml) 1. What is the mean growth rate of P. caudatum from day 2 to 6? Approx. 50/4 = 12.5 ml/day 2. What does the carrying capacity of P. caudatum appear to be? Approximately 70 ml 1. What effect does growing in a culture mixed with P. aurelia have on the population growth rate of P. caudatum? 2. What could be an explanation for this? 1. What effect does growing in a culture mixed with P. aurelia have on the population growth rate of P. caudatum? Eliminates it 2. What could be an explanation for this? competition 1. 2. 3. 4. Name the primary producer Name a primary consumer Name a secondary consumer What affect would a reduction in light have on this food web? 5. Explain your answer to #4 6. Which species would be most negatively impacted by a reduction of phytoplankton and why? 1. Name the primary producer phytoplankton 2. Name a primary consumer zooplankton 3. Name a secondary consumer squid 4. What affect would a reduction in light have on this food web? Decrease abundance at all levels 5. Explain your answer to #4 light is energy entering food web, necessary for photosynthesis 6. Which species would be most negatively impacted by a reduction of phytoplankton and why? Killer whale, takes a lot of energy (prey that depend on phytoplankton) to support top-predator 3. a. Calculate the mean rate of growth from day 5 to 10. Record your answer to the nearest whole #. b. What is the carrying capacity? c. How would this species growth curve be affected if it was grown with a second species with which it was in competition with? d. “” with which it was not in competition with? 3. a. Calculate the mean rate of growth from day 5 to 10. Record your answer to the nearest whole #. Slope, rise/run = approx. 90 ml/day b. What is the carrying capacity? Approx. 900 c. How would this species growth curve be affected if it was grown with a second species with which it was in competition with? Carrying capacity would be lower d. “” with which it was not in competition with? unchanged 1. What effect would a reduction in the amount of plants in this ecosystem have on the food web? 2. Explain your answer to #1: 1. What effect would a reduction in the amount of plants in this ecosystem have on the food web? Reduction in abundance of consumers, possible loss of top-predators 2. Explain your answer to #1: Energy flows through the food web from plants through eating relationships, energy-loss at each level, top-predators require the most energy to support What is the pattern in expected biodiversity for the islands shown to the left? Larger islands are expected to support more species (higher biodiversity because of more microclimates and niches). Islands closer to the mainland are expected to have higher biodiversity because they are more likely to be colonized. Island A is both largest and closest to mainland – highest biodiversity; while C, which is both smallest and farthest is expected to have the lowest biodiversity. The diagram above shows the pattern of habitat loss and fragmentation over time. Predict and explain the effect of this pattern on the biodiversity of the habitat shown. The diagram above shows the pattern of habitat loss and fragmentation over time. Predict and explain the effect of this pattern on the biodiversity of the habitat shown. As habitat is lost and becomes more fragmented, less individuals are expected to be supported (especially those that require large territories), as a result species will become extinct and there will be a corresponding loss of biodiversity. What are some density-dependent factors that can cause a population’s growth to slow and level out at carrying capacity? What are some density-dependent factors that can cause a population’s growth to slow and level out at carrying capacity? Competition for limited resources (i.e. food) Territoriality Predator-prey interactions Disease Toxic-waste buildup Intrinsic factors How can alien (nonnative) invasive species be so successfully colonizing and spreading into native habitats? Why are Alien Invasive Species so Successful? They may have lost a population controlling factor: left their predators, pathogens, or parasites behind – no top-down control on their population They may have a novel evolutionary advantage (chemical defense, enzyme, competitive edge, etc.) What percentage of the energy in plants makes it into the bodies of (show set-up and circle the final answer): a. Primary consumers b. Secondary consumers c. Tertiary consumers Pyramid of Net Production a. What % of energy in plants makes it to primary consumers? 1,000/10,000 = 1/10 = 10 % b. What % of energy in plants makes it to secondary consumers? 100/10,000 = 1/100 = 1 % c. What % of energy in plants makes it to tertiary consumers? 10/10,000 = 1/1000 = 0.1% Describe the energy-flow through the model system below, by labeling the arrows: Plant Caterpillar Respiration (Heat) Light Plant Detritus Respiration (Heat) Biomass consumed Caterpillar Biomass consumed Feces (& detritus) 1. Energy enters Earth’s ecosystems as ________ and exits as ________. 2. Energy _______ through Earth’s ecosystems. 3. Matter ______ through Earth’s ecosystems aided by the action of organisms called ____________. 1. Energy enters Earth’s ecosystems as _light_ and exits as _heat__. 2. Energy _flows_ through Earth’s ecosystems. 3. Matter _cycles_ through Earth’s ecosystems aided by the action of organisms called ___detritivores____. Population size hare lynx Calculate the lag-time in, round to the nearest month: Population size hare lynx Calculate the lag-time in, round to the nearest month: 250 – 220 = approximately 30 months 1. What is the best explanation for the change in elk population? 2. How can the change in cottonwood abundance be explained? 3. If the wolf were to be removed from the Yellowstone ecosystem, how would you expect the elk population would respond? Elk population decreased after the wolf reintroduction because wolves are their predators. As a result of a decrease in elk population (herbivore), the population of cottonwoods and willow increase. If the wolves were once again removed, elk population would likely increase and cottonwood and willow likely decrease. What is the likely reason for the difference in aspen hikes in the upland and riparian habitats? When aspen are browsed (nibbled by herbivores) their growth is stunted, and thus their overall height is reduced. This data shows that aspen in riparian areas (along streams) are larger than those in the uplands, suggesting that there is less browsing along streams. The reason for this could be that the streambanks can be steep and the stream can also be a barrier, both making herbivores more likely to be caught by wolves. Thus prey avoid stream areas.