Download CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. In which

CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
655
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. In which direction on the horizon does the sun appear to rise on July 4 in
New York State?
(1) due north
(2) due south
(3) north of due east
(4) south of due east
2. The diagram below represents a simple geocentric model. Which object
does letter X represent?
X
(Not drawn to scale)
(1) Earth
(2) the sun
(3) the moon
(4) Polaris
3. Which observation provides the best evidence that Earth rotates?
(1) The position of the sun changes during the year.
(2) The location of the constellations in relationship to Polaris changes
from month to month.
(3) The length of the shadow cast by a flagpole at noon changes from season to season.
(4) The direction of swing of a freely swinging pendulum changes during
the day.
4. The apparent rising and setting of the sun, as viewed from Earth, is
caused by
(1) Earth’s rotation.
(2) Earth’s revolution.
(3) the sun’s rotation.
(4) the sun’s revolution.
5. The length of an Earth day is determined by the time required for approximately one
(1) Earth rotation.
(2) Earth revolution.
(3) sun rotation.
(4) sun revolution.
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CHAPTER 25: EARTH, SUN,
AND
SEASONS
6. The length of Earth’s year is based on Earth’s
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
rotation of 15°/h.
revolution of 15°/h.
rotation of approximately 1°/day.
revolution of approximately 1°/day.
7. The diagram below shows the latitude-longitude grid on an Earth model.
Points A and B are locations on the surface.
75°
60°
45°
A
B
30°
15°
15°
90°
75°
60°
45°
30°
15°
0°
0°
15°
30°
On Earth, the solar time difference between point A and point B would be
(1) 1 hour.
(2) 5 hours.
(3) 12 hours.
(4) 24 hours.
8. Summer days in New York State are likely to be hotter than winter days
because in summer
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Earth is closer to the sun.
the number of sunspots increases.
Earth’s northern axis is tilted toward the sun.
the sun gives off more energy.
Base your answers to the questions 9–11 on the diagram below, which shows
the tilt of Earth’s axis and the pattern of day and night on a particular day of
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
657
the year. Positions A through E are along Earth’s surface. Point D is located in
New York State.
B
Sun's
direct
rays
A
D
C
Eq
ua
tor
E
Earth
9. Which diagram best represents the angle of the sun’s rays at location C at
noon on this day?
70°
30°
(1)
(3)
90°
50°
(2)
(4)
10. On this day, which location had the greatest number or hours of daylight?
(1) B
(2) C
(3) D
(4) E
11. What date is illustrated on the diagram of Earth above?
(1) March 21
(2) June 21
(3) September 22
(4) December 22
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CHAPTER 25: EARTH, SUN,
AND
SEASONS
Base your answers to questions 12 and 13 on the diagram below, which represents the position of the sun with respect to Earth’s surface on certain dates.
The latitude of six locations on the same line of longitude is shown.
June 21
March 21
A
48°
90° S
23.5° S
0°
23.5° N
Equator
42° N
90° N
12. When the sun is at position A, which latitude receives the most direct rays
of sunlight?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N)
Equator (0°)
Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S)
Antarctic Circle (66.5°S)
13. When the sun is at the March 21 position, New York State will usually
have
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
longer days than nights.
12 hours of daylight and 12 hours when the sun is below the horizon.
the lowest altitude of the sun at solar noon for the whole year.
the highest altitude of the sun at solar noon for the whole year.
14. As observed in New York State, in which part of the sky do the stars seem
to move in small circles?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
north
east
south
west
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15. The diagram below represents the major stars of the constellation Orion,
as viewed by an observer in New York State.
Which statement best explains why Orion can be observed from New York
State on December 21, but not on June 21?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Orion has an eccentric orbit around Earth.
Orion has an eccentric orbit around the sun.
Earth revolves around the sun
Earth rotates on its axis.
Open-Ended Questions
16. State two factors that combine to cause Earth’s seasons.
Base your answers to questions 17–19 on the diagram below that represents
Earth at a specific position in its orbit as viewed from space. The shaded area
represents nighttime.
North Pole
Axis
Sun's
rays
Arctic Circle
Tropic of
Cancer
Equator
Tropic of
Capricorn
A
Artarctic
Circle
B
South Pole
17. a. State the month represented by the diagram.
b. Name the area that receives the most intense radiation from the sun
when Earth is at this position in its orbit.
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AND
SEASONS
18. Describe the length of daylight at point A compared with the length of daylight at point B on the day represented by the diagram.
19. The diagram below represents the position of Earth in its orbit 6 months
later. Make a copy of this diagram. (Please do not write in this book.)
Sun's
rays
Earth's position in its
orbit 6 months later
a. Draw the position of Earth’s axis and label the axis.
b. Label the North Pole.
c. Draw the position of Earth’s equator and label the equator.
20. What would happen to the average summer and winter temperature in New
York State if the tilt of Earth’s axis were to decrease from 23.5° to 20°?
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CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Astronauts have recovered basalt and other igneous rocks from the surface of the moon. What does this tell us about the history of the moon?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
The moon was once a part of Earth.
At least part of the moon was once molten rock.
The moon has a weak magnetic field.
The age of the moon is greater than the age of Earth.
The table below provides information about the moon based on current scientific theories. Use this information to answer questions 2 and 3.
Information About the Moon
Subject
Current Scientific Theory
.
Origin of the moon
Formed from material thrown from a still-liquid Earth following the
impact of a giant object 4.5 billion years ago
Craters
Largest craters resulted from an intense bombardment by rock
objects around 3.9 billion years ago
Presence of water
Mostly dry, but water brought in by the impact of comets may be
trapped in very cold places at the poles
Age of rocks in terrae highlands
Most are older than 4.1 billion years; highland anorthosites (igneous
rocks composed almost totally of feldspar) are dated to 4.4 billion
years
Age of rocks in maria plains
Varies widely from 2 billion to 4.3 billion years
Composition of terrae highlands
Wide variety of rock types, but all contain more aluminum than rocks
of maria plains
Composition of maria plains
Wide variety of basalts
Composition of mantle
Varying amounts of mostly olivine and pyroxene
2. Which statement is best supported by information in the table above?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
The moon was once a comet.
The moon once had saltwater oceans.
Earth is 4.5 billion years older than the moon.
Earth was molten rock when the moon was formed.
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CHAPTER 26: EARTH
AND ITS
MOON
3. Which moon feature is an impact structure?
(1) crater
(2) maria (seas)
(3) terrae (highlands)
(4) mantle
The diagram below represents the orbit of a planet traveling around a star.
D
Star
A
C
Foci
B
Direction
of
movement
(Drawn to scale)
4. The calculated eccentricity of this orbit is approximately
(1) 0.01
(2) 0.2
(3) 5
(4) 12.8
5. At which position of the planet will the gravitational attraction between
the star and the planet be greatest?
(1) A
(2) B
(3) C
(4) D
6. As the planet revolves in orbit from position A to position D, the orbital velocity will
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
continually decrease.
continually increase.
decrease, then increase.
increase, then decrease.
7. Because of the elliptical shape of the moon’s orbit, the distance between
Earth and the moon changes. Which of the following is a direct result of
changes in the distance between Earth and the moon?
(1) the cycle of phases of the moon
(2) changes in the mass of the moon
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(3) changes in the force of gravity between Earth and the moon
(4) the cycle of seasons that occur on Earth
8. Venus and Mercury are the only planets in our solar system that show a
full range of phases, like Earth’s moon. Where must Venus be located if we
could see its surface in darkness like the new moon phase?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Venus
Venus
Venus
Venus
must
must
must
must
be
be
be
be
located outside Earth’s orbit.
at right angles to the sun.
located between the Earth and sun.
on the side of the sun opposite Earth.
9. A cycle of moon phases can be seen from Earth because the
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
moon’s distance from Earth changes at a predictable rate.
moon’s axis is tilted.
moon spins on its axis.
moon revolves around Earth.
The diagram below shows the moon orbiting Earth as viewed from space above
the North Pole. Use this diagram to answer questions 10, 11, and 12.
Moon's orbit
3
4
2
North Pole
5
1
Sun's
rays
Earth
6
8
7
(Not drawn to scale)
10. What is the approximate length of time for one complete cycle of the
moon’s phases?
(1) one day
(2) one week
(3) one month
(4) one year
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CHAPTER 26: EARTH
AND ITS
MOON
11. An observer on Earth views the moon as the moon revolves from position
1 to 5 and back to position 1. How will the lighted portion of the moon’s
surface change as she sees it over this period?
(1) The lighted portion of the moon’s surface will increase.
(2) The lighted portion of the moon’s surface will decrease.
(3) The lighted portion of the moon’s surface will increase and then decrease.
(4) The lighted portion of the moon’s surface will decrease and then increase.
12. At which two positions of the moon is an eclipse of the sun or moon possible?
(1) 1 and 5
(2) 2 and 6
(3) 3 and 7
(4) 4 and 8
The graph below shows the maximum altitude of the moon, measured by an
observer at latitude of 43° north during the month of June in a particular year.
The names and appearances of four moon phases are shown at the top of the
graph, directly above the date on which each phase occurred. Use this diagram
to answer questions 13–15.
Moon's Maximum Altitude Above
the Horizon (degrees)
New
Moon
First
Quarter
Full
Moon
Last
Quarter
New
Moon
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
June Date
13. What is the maximum altitude of the moon on June 22?
(1) 40°
(2) 43°
(3) 46°
(4) 50°
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14. Which diagram best represents the moon’s phase on June 11?
(2)
(1)
(3)
(4)
15. Which terms best describe both the changes in maximum altitude of the
moon and changes in the moon’s phases over a period of several years?
(1) cyclic and predictable
(2) cyclic and unpredictable
(3) noncyclic and predictable
(4) noncyclic and unpredictable
Open-Ended Questions
16. Unlike Earth, the moon has no atmosphere. Yet, the volcanic processes
that released gases to make an atmosphere occurred on the moon as they
did on Earth. Why did Earth keep its atmosphere, but the moon did not?
17. Earth is not at the center of the moon’s orbit. Describe the exact position
of the Earth in the orbit of the moon.
1
18. A person on the moon would weigh only about 6 as much as his weight on
Earth. Why is the weight of objects on the moon so much less than their
weight on Earth?
19. The diagram below represents the sun and Earth viewed from space on a
certain date. Please do not write in this book. On a copy of the diagram,
draw a circle approximately 0.5 cm in diameter to show the position of the
moon when it is in the full moon phase as observed from Earth.
Sun
Sun's
rays
North
Pole
(Not drawn to scale)
Earth
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CHAPTER 26: EARTH
AND ITS
MOON
The diagram below is an exaggerated model of Earth’s orbit. Earth is closest
to the sun at perihelion and farthest from the sun at aphelion.
N
Earth
at
perihelion
N
Sun
S
S
Earth
at
aphelion
(Not drawn to scale)
20. a. State the actual geometric shape of Earth’s orbit.
b. Identify the season in the Northern Hemisphere when Earth is at perihelion.
c. Describe the change that takes place in the apparent size of the sun, as
viewed from Earth, as Earth moves from perihelion to aphelion.
d. State the relationship between Earth’s distance from the sun and
Earth’s orbital velocity.
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CHAPTER 27: THE SOLAR SYSTEM
mostly iron, which is thought to be similar to the composition
of Earth’s core.
One of the most remarkable recent meteor events happened in Peekskill, New York, in 1992. As 18-year-old Michelle
Knapp was watching television at about eight o’clock in the
evening, she heard a loud noise outside her home. She went
outside to discover that a rock the size of a football had
crashed through the trunk of her parked car. When she first
saw it, the object was still hot. Before the object landed, it had
been visible over several states for about 40 seconds as a
bright green streak. Some observers reported that it was as
bright as the full moon. Michelle sold the meteorite and the
car. A private company, which lends them to museums for display, now owns both.
TERMS TO KNOW
asteroid
comet
Jovian planet
meteor
terrestrial planet
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The Sun’s position in space is best described as a place near the center of
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
a constellation.
the Andromeda Galaxy.
the Milky Way galaxy.
our solar system.
2. Radioactive dating of meteorites has been one of our most important methods to determine the age of the Earth and the solar system. What is the
estimated age of the Earth and solar system?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
4.6 million years
10 to 15 million years
4.6 billion years
10 to 15 billion years
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703
Base your answers to questions 3 and 4 on the following information and
Table 27-1.
Astronomers have discovered strong evidence for the existence of three
large extrasolar (outside our solar system) planets that orbit Upsilon Adromedae, a star located 44 light-years from Earth. The planets are called planet B,
planet C, and planet D. The diagram below compares part of our solar system
with the Upsilon Andromedae planetary system. Planet distances from their
respective star and the relative size of each planet are drawn to scale. (The
scale for planet distances is not the same scale used for planet size.)
3. If our solar system had a planet located at the same distance from the sun
as planet C is from Upsilon Andromedae, what would be its approximate
period of revolution?
(1) 100 Earth days
(2) 300 Earth days
(3) 1.5 Earth years
(4) 10 Earth years
4. Planet D’s diameter is 10 times greater than Earth’s diameter. What
planet in our solar system has a diameter closest in size to the diameter
of planet D?
(1) Venus
(2) Jupiter
(3) Saturn
(4) Neptune
5. Compared with the average density of the terrestrial planets (Mercury,
Venus, Earth, and Mars), the average density of the Jovian planets (Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) is
(1) less
(2) greater
(3) the same
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CHAPTER 27: THE SOLAR SYSTEM
6. The diagram below represents two planets in our solar system drawn to
scale, Jupiter and Planet A.
Jupiter
Planet A
Planet A most likely represents
(1) Earth
(2) Venus
(3) Saturn
(4) Uranus
7. Some of the planets in our solar system are made primarily of dense, rocky
material. Other planets are composed of a thick atmosphere that may have
a small, solid core. Which planet is mostly material in the gaseous state?
(1) Venus
(2) Earth
(3) Mars
(4) Jupiter
8. Compared to Pluto, Mercury moves more rapidly in its orbit because
Mercury
(1) is larger.
(2) is more dense.
(3) is closer to the sun.
(4) has a more elliptical orbit.
Base your answers to questions 9–13 on the information in Table 27-1.
9. Which planet takes more time to complete one rotation on its axis than to
complete one revolution around the sun?
(1) Mercury
(2) Venus
(3) Mars
(4) Jupiter
10. Which planet is approximately 30 times farther from the sun than Earth is?
(1) Jupiter
(2) Saturn
(3) Uranus
(4) Neptune
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11. Which planet has an orbit with an eccentricity most similar to the eccentricity of the moon’s orbit around Earth?
(1) Earth
(2) Jupiter
(3) Mercury
(4) Saturn
12. Of these objects, which follows an orbit with the greatest eccentricity?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Earth
Pluto
Earth’s moon
Halley’s comet
13. A major belt of asteroids is located between Mars and Jupiter. What is the
approximate average distance between the sun and this major asteroid
belt?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
110
220
390
850
million
million
million
million
km
km
km
km
Gravitational
Attraction
Gravitational
Attraction
14. Which graph best represents the change in gravitational attraction between the sun and a comet as the distance between them increases?
Distance
(3)
Gravitational
Attraction
Gravitational
Attraction
Distance
(1)
Distance
(2)
Distance
(4)
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CHAPTER 27: THE SOLAR SYSTEM
15. Which object does not move through the sky in a cyclic and predictable motion?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
the sun
stars
the planets
meteorites
Open-Ended Questions
Base your answers to questions 16 and 17 on the data table below, which shows
one cycle of equinoxes and solstices for the northern hemispheres of several
planets in the solar system and the tilt of each planet’s axis. Data for three
planets are based on Earth’s time system.
Data Table
Spring
Equinox
Planet
Summer
Solstice
.
.
Autumn
Equinox
.
Tilt
of Axis
(degrees)
Winter
Solstice
.
.
Venus
June 25
August 21
October 16
December 11
3.0
Earth
March 21
June 21
September 23
December 22
23.5
Jupiter
1997
2000
2003
2006
3.0
Saturn
1980
1987
1995
2002
26.8
Uranus
1922
1943
1964
1985
82.0
Neptune
1880
1921
1962
2003
28.5
16. a. State the length, in years, of the spring season on Uranus
b. Describe the relationship between a planet’s distance from the sun and
the length of a season on that planet.
17. The illustration on page 707 shows an impact crater approximately 1-mile
wide located near Canyon Diablo, Arizona. Describe the event that produced this crater.
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
707
18. The diagram below represents the orbit of Mars around the sun. Make a
copy of this diagram and base your answers to the next three questions on
the diagram. Please do not write in this book.
Mars
Sun
Foci
(Not drawn to scale)
On your copy of this diagram:
a. Draw and label the major axis of Mars’s orbit.
b. Place an X on the orbit to show the location of Mars’s greatest orbital
velocity.
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CHAPTER 27: THE SOLAR SYSTEM
19. State the difference between the shape (not the size) of Earth’s orbit and
the shape of Mars’s orbit.
20. This bar graph shows the equatorial diameter of Earth. On a copy of this
diagram, make a bar that represents the equatorial diameter of Mars.
13,000
Equatorial Diameter
12,000
11,000
Diameter (kilometers)
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Earth
Mars
Planet
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
731
Therefore, the ultimate future of the universe depends
upon the balance between the expansion of the big bang,
gravity, and dark energy. To date, astronomers have not been
able to determine which process will dominate. This remains
one of many questions that guide scientific investigation.
TERMS TO KNOW
big bang
cosmic background radiation
Doppler effect
galaxy
light-year
luminosity
Milky Way Galaxy
nuclear fusion
redshift
star
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
Base your answers to questions 1–4 on the Earth Science Reference Tables or
Figure 28-3.
1. Which star has about the same surface temperature as the sun?
(1) Betelgeuse
(2) Polaris
(3) Sirius
(4) Procyon B
2. Which star is cooler, yet many times brighter than Earth’s sun?
(1) Barnard’s Star
(2) Betelgeuse
(3) Rigel
(4) Sirius
3. According to the “Luminosity and Temperature of Stars” graph in the
Earth Science Reference Tables, the sun is classified as
(1) a main sequence star.
(2) a white dwarf.
(3) a blue supergiant.
(4) a red giant.
4. What is the color of a main sequence star that gives off about 100 times as
much light as the sun?
(1) blue
(2) white
(3) yellow
(4) red
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CHAPTER 28: STARS
AND THE
UNIVERSE
5. How do stars like the sun create energy that is later radiated away into
space?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
nuclear fusion changing hydrogen into helium
burning of carbon fuels
changes in state such as melting and evaporation
absorbing electromagnetic radiation from space
6. What instrument uses long-wave electromagnetic radiation to help astronomers make celestial observations?
(1) radio telescopes
(2) optical telescopes
(3) X-ray telescopes
(4) binoculars
7. According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, in what property do ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation differ?
(1) half-life
(2) atomic mass
(3) wavelength
(4) wave velocity
8. The Milky Way Galaxy is best described as
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
a
a
a
a
type of solar system.
constellation visible to everyone on Earth.
region of space between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
spiral-shaped formation composed of billions of stars.
9. In which list are celestial features correctly shown in order of increasing
size?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
galaxy→solar system→universe→planet
solar system→galaxy→planet→universe
planet→solar system→galaxy→universe
universe→galaxy→solar system→planet
10. What causes the spectral lines of light from distant galaxies to be shifted
toward the red end of the spectrum?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
the gravitational field of Earth
the gravitational field of the sun
motion of the galaxies toward us
motion of the galaxies away from us
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
733
11. The diagram below illustrates three stages of a current theory of the formation of the universe.
Earth
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3 (present)
A ball of hydrogen
exploded
A huge hydrogen
cloud moved cutward
with cloud parts condensing
to form galaxies
The galaxies continue
to move outward
A major piece of scientific evidence supporting this theory is the fact that
wavelengths of light from galaxies moving away from Earth in stage 3 are
observed to be
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
shorter than normal (a redshift).
shorter than normal (a blueshift).
longer than normal (a redshift).
longer than normal (a blueshift).
12. In the diagram below, the spectral lines of hydrogen gas from three galaxies, A, B, and C, are compared to the spectral lines of hydrogen gas observed in a laboratory.
Blue
Red
Galaxy A
Spectral Lines
Blue
Red
Galaxy B
Spectral Lines
Blue
Laboratory
Hydrogen
Spectral Lines
Red
Blue
Galaxy C
Spectral Lines
Red
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CHAPTER 28: STARS
AND THE
UNIVERSE
What is the best inference that can be made concerning the movement of
galaxies A, B, and C?
(1) Galaxy A is moving away from Earth, but galaxies B and C are moving toward Earth.
(2) Galaxy B is moving away from Earth, but galaxies A and C are moving toward Earth.
(3) Galaxies A, B, and C are all moving toward Earth.
(4) Galaxies A, B, and C are all moving away from Earth
13. Because of the Doppler redshift, the observed wavelengths of light from
distant celestial objects appear closer to the red end of the spectrum than
light from nearby celestial objects. The explanation for the redshift is that
the universe is presently
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
contracting, only.
expanding, only.
remaining constant in size.
alternating between contracting and expanding.
14. How can we best describe the general pattern of motion that we observe
for distant galaxies in the universe?
(1) Most galaxies are moving toward the Milky Way Galaxy, and the closer
galaxies are generally approaching faster.
(2) Most galaxies are moving toward the Milky Way Galaxy, and the more
distant galaxies are generally approaching faster.
(3) Most galaxies are moving away from the Milky Way Galaxy, and the
closer galaxies are generally moving faster.
(4) Most galaxies are moving away from the Milky Way Galaxy, and the
more distant galaxies are generally moving faster.
15. What could cause the expansion of the universe to slow?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
energy production by nuclear fusion
energy production by nuclear fission
gravitational force
electromagnetic radiation
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
735
Open-Ended Questions
The graph below shows the inferred stages of development of the sun. Use this
graph to answer questions 16 and 17.
1,000,000
Inferred Stages of Development
Luminosity
10,000
100
1
Sun
White Dwarf
stage
0.01
0.0001
Dust
and
gases
20,000
10,000
5,000
Surface Temperature (°C)
2,500
16. Describe the change in luminosity of the sun that will occur from its current Main Sequence stage to its final White Dwarf stage.
17. Which star shown on the “Luminosity and Temperature of Stars” graph in
the Earth Science Reference Tables is currently in the sun’s final predicted
stage of development?
18. According to the “Luminosity and Temperature of Stars” graph in the
Earth Science Reference Tables, what is the surface temperature of the
sun?
19. According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, what kind of electromagnetic radiation has a wavelength of about 1 meter (100 cm)?
20. Name one characteristic that X rays, visible light, and radio waves have in
common.