Download 7 Endocrine Anat and Physio flashcards

Endocrine System
What is the definition of a hormone?
Substances that are secreted by one group of
cells that affects the physiology of another
group of cells
Compared to most other organs in the body,
are endocrine organs well vascularized?
Which gland is a major source of steroid
hormones in the body?
Yes
What part of that organ secretes the steroids?
adrenal cortex
Adrenal gland, cortex region
Tumor of the pituitary gland can lead to what?
Blindness
Trauma to the pituitary gland can lead to
what?
Diabetes insipidus
They pituitary gland is attached to the
hypothalamus by what structure?
The infundibulum
What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?
What are the seven hormones secreted by the
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS (Anterior Pituitary)
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS is the anterior
pituitary. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS is the
posterior pituitary.
Growth Hormone(GH):
Prolactin(PRL):
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH):
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone(ACTH):
Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone(MSH):
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH):
Luteninzing Hormone(LH):
What two hormones are secreted by the
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (posterior pituitary)?
Oxytocin: stimulates childbirth contractions
What are their functions?
ADH: increases blood volume
1
What is known to stimulate lactation in
females, but its effects is male is not well
understood?
What is essential for the formation of
thyroxin?
What pituitary disorders are involved with
hypersecretion of GH in children, overall
growth
Prolactin
What is the disorder when excess GH causes
just enlarged hands and feet?
Acromegaly
Iodine
Gigantism
What disorder is hyposcretion of GH, resulting Pituitary dwarfism
in normal proportion of head and limbs;
overall size is small?
Pituitary gland
Where is ADH secreted?
What disorder is a result of not enough
ADH?
The major stimulus for the release of thyroid
hormone is by what mechanism?
What are the 2 hormones produced by the
Thyroid Gland?
What are their functions?
1) Where is vitamin D synthesized?
2) What problem with the thyroid is due to
little iodine in the diet?
Diabetes insipidus
Not enough ADH (anti-diuretic
hormone; a diuretic takes out excess
fluid from the body)
Humoral
Thyroid hormone and Calcitonin
Thyroid hormone increases metabolism
Calcitonin -lowers blood calcium levels in
children, slows osteoclasts to allow for bone
deposition
1) Vitamin D is synthesized and secreted by
bone cells
2) Goiter
3) Hyperthyroidism
4) Hypothyroidism
3) What disorder is caused by an autoimmune
disorder which leads to nervousness,
weight loss, sweating, and rapid heart rate?
What disorder decreases metabolism and
causes obesity?
2
What are the four functions of the Parathyroid
Glands (PTH)?
Increases blood concentration of Ca2+
Tells osteoclasts to release calcium from bone
Tells kidneys to decrease secretion of calcium
Activates vitamin D which increases calcium
uptake by intestines
What three organs are involved in calcium
metabolism?
Liver, dermis, kidney
What organ is not involved in calcium
metabolism?
Parathyroid gland
Hormones produced by this organ stimulate
the production of T cells
Thymus Gland
What glands sit on top of each kidney?
Adrenal Cortex secretes what four steroids?
What are their functions?
Adrenal Medulla secretes which hormone?
Adrenal gland
CORTISONE – reduces inflammation
CORTISOL helps the body cope with stress
ALDOSTERONE It causes kidney to reabsorb
more sodium; water follows with it, so the
blood volume increases.
SEX HORMONES for the opposite sex: Males
produce estrogen here, and females produce
testosterone.
EPINEPHRINE
Hypersecretion of cortisol and a round "moon"
face and "buffalo hump" are characteristic of
what disorder?
Cushing’s syndrome
Hyposecretion of cortisol, increased blood
ACTH levels, low blood volume and pressure,
and increased skin pigmentation are
characteristics of what disorder? NOTE:
Blood glucose levels are normal.
Addison’s disease
3
What does the pineal gland secrete?
What is used as a landmark to identify other
brain structures in X-rays?
What cells make the pancreas an exocrine
gland, and what do they secrete?
melatonin- A hormone that regulates
circadian rhythms (sense of daytime and night;
it regulates sleep cycle)
Pineal sand
Exocrine: acinar cells secrete digestive
enzymes into a duct.
What cells make the pancreas an endocrine
gland, and what do they secrete?
Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans secrete
insulin and glucagon directly into the blood.
What signals the liver to release glucose from
glycogen and raises blood sugar?
Glucagon
What signals most body cells to take up
glucose from glycogen from the blood,
promotes storage of glucose as glycogen in the
liver, and lowers blood sugar?
When the pituitary gland does not secrete
antidiuretic hormone, or the kidney does not
respond to the hormone, what is the name of
the disorder?
What are the 2 types of Diabetes Mellitus?
Insulin
Which type is insulin dependent because the
people do not make their own insulin?
Which one is initially treated with diet and
exercise?
Which endocrine gland stores enough of its
hormone extracellularly to last several
months?
What two hormones do the ovaries secrete?
DIABETES INSIPIDUS; can also be caused
by damage to the pituitary or kidney
damage.
Type I diabetes (insulin dependent, develops
in children) is more serious. It is caused by
destruction of pancreatic islets by autoimmune
disorders. They must have insulin injections
daily throughout life. Type II diabetes is
much more common, usually appears after age
40, and is a consequence of obesity. They
produce insulin, but their cells are less
sensitive to the effects of insulin. It is initially
treated with diet and exercise, but if that fails,
oral medicines or injected insulin may be
needed.
Ovary
Progesterone and estrogen
4
What is the primary sex organ in the
male? What does it secrete?
What is the only thing that does NOT make
hormones?
Why?
1.
What is the Endocrine
system?
2. What must a cell have to be able to
respond to a hormone?
3. What is one thing that a cell will
always do in response to a
hormone?
4. Name 2 hormones that are
synergistic
5. Name two hormones that are
antagonists
6. Name two hormones that are
permissive
7. What is a target cell?
TESTES, NOT penis
Secrete androgens (e.g. testosterone)
Epithelial duct cells (they are exocrine glands)
Because all exocrine glands secrete into a duct,
and the definition of a hormone is one that
does not secrete into a duct; it secretes into the
blood, where it is transported elsewhere in the
body and has its effect there.
a series of glands that release a hormone
into the plasma, where it is dissolved and
transported throughout entire body within
60 seconds
the cell must have a functional hormone
receptor
Change its physiology
ADH and aldosterone
Atrial natriuretic peptide and ADH
Thyroid hormone is permissive for growth
hormone
A cell that has a functional receptor (a
protein) for a particular hormone
The receptor becomes faulty, and will not
respond to the hormone.
8. What would happen if there were a
gene defect in the DNA code for a
receptor?
9. What would happen if the cell was
The hormone receptor will not function
exposed to excess salt, heat, or pH? properly
10.
What is a receptor?
A protein made by a target cell during
protein synthesis; it is inserted into the cell
What does the active site on the
membrane.
receptor do?
It’s where the hormone is ‘fit’ into the
receptor and turns the signal into a
response
5
11.
What would happen if there
were a gene defect in the DNA code
for a receptor?
12.
What would happen if the
receptor (which is a protein) became
denatured (by heat, abnormal pH,
an enzyme, or an attack by a white
blood cell)?
13.
Where do endocrine glands
secrete hormones into?
The receptor would not be made, so the
cell could not respond to the hormone.
What are the three things that may
happen when the hormones are
secreted?
Hormones can bind to receptor of their
target and cause a change
The receptor would not work, so it would
not respond to the hormone.
Blood plasma
Can be destroyed by enzymes in the
plasma
14.
By what mechanism are
insulin and glucagon released?
15.
By what mechanism are the
hypothalamus and pituitary
hormones released?
16.
What are three neuronal
hormones?
Go to the kidneys and be filtered out
Humoral mechanism
Hormonal mechanism
oxytocin, ADH, and Epinephrine
In the neurons
Where are these hormones made?
How is it transported and where is it
stored?
Transported by the axon and stored in the
synaptic knobs of the neurons
The bloodstream
What does it get released into?
17.
What is a Humoral Trigger?
What are some examples
18.
What is glucagon?
Something in the blood is being
monitored. When the level of that
substance is too low, it stimulates the
release of the hormone.
Examples; insulin, glucagon, parathyroid
hormone
The storage form of glucose. When glucose is in
excess, it is taken to the liver and converted into
glucagon, and stored there.
6
19.
When will glucagon be broken
down?
20.
What does parathyroid
hormone do?
21.
Does parathyroid hormone
metabolize calcium?
22.
What is a Hormonal Trigger?
23.
When the hypothalamus (the
boss) releases TSH-RH, what
happens to the pituitary gland (the
manager)?
24.
When blood glucose is low
Causes the intestines and kidneys to
absorb more calcium, and tells the
osteoclasts to degrade bone to increase
blood calcium levels.
No.
This is when one endocrine gland
releases a hormone that stimulates
another endocrine gland to releases its
hormone.
Pituitary gland releases TSH (thyroid
stimulating hormone)
TSH causes the thyroid gland (the worker)
to secrete TH (thyroid hormone)
What effect does that have?
25.
What organ is directly affected
by hormones secreted by the
hypothalamus?
The pituitary gland
26.
What glands are affected by
hormones secreted by the pituitary
gland?
27.
What cells are affected by
thyroid hormone, and what is the
effect?
All endocrine glands in the body
28.
What structure does the
hypothalamus directly regulate?
Almost all cells in the body have receptors
for TH. It causes an increase in
metabolism. In the hypothalamus, TH
bound onto cell receptors will signal the
hypothalamus to stop secreting TSH-RH
It regulates the secretion of pituitary
hormones.
29.
By which two mechanisms is
Neuronal and hormonal mechanisms
the hypothalamus controlled?
30.
Is the hypothalamus controlled It is almost always controlled by negative
by positive or negative feedback
feedback loops
loops?
7
31.
How does the negative
feedback loop work in relation to the
hypothalamus?
If blood concentration declines below a
minimum, more hormones are secreted. If
blood concentration exceeds maximum,
hormone production is halted.
32.
When the hypothalamus
receives a negative feedback signal,
what does the hypothalamus do?
33.
What do hypothalamus
neurotransmitters do that are
secreted from axon terminals?
Stop secreting its “releasing” hormones. It
may then start secreting its “inhibiting”
hormones.
They secrete releasing factors to release
hormones and can also secrete inhibiting
hormones to turn off secretion of
hormones.
Low
34.
In an under-secreting thyroid
tumor will TH be high or low?
High
35.
Will TSH-RH be high or low?
High
36.
Will TSH level be high or low?
37.
In an over-secreting thyroid
tumor will TH be high or low?
High
Low
38.
Will TSH-RH be high or low?
Low
39.
Will TSH levels be high or
low?
40.
In an under-secreting pituitary
tumor will TSH be high or low?
Low
41.
Will TH be high or low?
Low
42.
Will TSH-RH be high or low
High
43.
In an over-secreting pituitary
tumor will TSH be high or low?
High
44.
Will TH be high or low?
High
45.
Will TSH-RH be high or low?
Low
8
46.
In an under-secreting
hypothalamic tumor will TSH-RH be
high or low?
Low
Low
47.
Will TSH be high or low?
Low
48.
Will TH be high or low?
49.
In an over-secreting
hypothalamic tumor will TSH-RH be
high or low?
High
High
50.
Will TSH be high or low?
High
51.
Will TH be high or low?
52.
What causes a goiter,
hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism?
53.
What is the functional unit of
the thyroid gland?
54.
What secretes colloid?
55.
What is colloid?
56.
What stimulates the follicular
cells to make Thyroglobin?
57.
Where does thyroglobulin (TG)
go when it first leaves the cell?
58.
How is TG changed after it
leaves the cell, while it is on its way
to the thyroid follicle for storage?
59.
When iodine is attached to TG,
what is this process called?
60.
On what amino acid is iodine
attached in a thyroglobulin
molecule?
61.
What is the name of the
enzyme that adds the iodine to TG?
62.
What drug deactivates
peroxidase?
Either. You have to measure the hormone
levels to see what is causing it.
The thyroid follicle
Follicular cells
Water with Thyroglobin proteins
TSH
It is stored inside the thyroid follicle, in a
pink liquid called “Colloid”
Iodine is added to it.
Iodination
Tyrosine
peroxidase
PTU
9
63.
What drug can be used for
people who have Graves’ disease?
64.
What would happen to
hormone levels in a patient with
PTU?
65.
What is the most abundant
form of TG?
66.
What is the active form of TG?
67.
What happens to T2?
PTU (Propylthiouracil)
68.
What effect does TH have on
GI motility?
69.
What effect does TH have on
mental activity?
70.
What effect does TH have on
endocrine activity?
71.
What effect does TH have on
growth?
72.
What effect does TH have on
brain development?
73.
What effect does TH have on
fat metabolism?
74.
What effect does TH have on
the CNS?
75.
What effect does TH have on
sleep?
76.
What occurs after follicular
cells receive the TSH signal from the
pituitary gland?
Increases GI motility
Iodine cannot be attached to TG, so TH
cannot be made, so TSH and TSH-RH
increase.
T4 is the most abundant form.
T3 is the most active form.
It is recycled, not released
Increases mental activity
Increases endocrine activity
Promotes growth in children
Promotes brain development
Increases fat metabolism
Excites it
Inhibits sleep
They take back Thyroglobin (TG) from
where it was stored in the follicle
(endocytosis), cleave the TG into
segments, and secrete the longer
segments into blood (exocytosis.)
77.
What would happen to TSHRH, TSH, and TH in the following
conditions:
-TH low, TSH-RH and TSH high
78.
Antibodies attacking thyroid
gland, destroying the gland
- TH and TSH high, TSH-RH low
79.
Antibodies binding to the TSH
receptor, stimulating it
10
- TH high, TSH-RH and TSH low.
80.
Graves’ Disease
- TH low, TSH-RH and TSH high.
81.
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
82.
What is the TS ratio?
83.
What is required to bring
iodine into cells? Why?
84.
What happens when TSH is
released?
85.
86.
What are beta receptors?
What do they do?
Iodine in thyroid divided by iodine in serum
ATP is needed because iodine has to go
against its electrical gradient.
Follicular cells become larger
Metabolism increases
Increased O2 consumption, esp.
mitochondria
Heat is generated
Sympathetic neurons in the heart.
Increase force of contraction and increase
heart rate.
87.
What effect does TSH have on Stimulates them.
beta receptors?
88.
When TH stimulates neurons a Feels more alert, observing their
person feels what?
environment with more interest
89.
Not enough TH?
They lose interest, become sluggish,
hypoglycemia
90.
Too Much TH?
They get muscles tremors and
hyperglycemia
Insulin is released, tells the cells to take in
the sugar from the bloodstream.
91.
When blood sugar is high,
what hormone is released by the
pancreas and what does it do?
92.
What if there is more sugar in
the blood than the cells can use?
Where does the excess sugar go?
93.
When blood glucose is low,
what hormone is released by the
pancreas and what does it do?
excess sugar is taken to the liver and
converted to glycogen for storage
Glucagon tells the liver to take the
glycogen and break it back down into
glucose and release it into the
bloodstream.
11
94.
Describe the process of
Gluconeogenesis
95.
Blood glucose levels that are
too high are called?
The liver takes fatty acids (leftover from fat
metabolism) and joins them to amino
acids (from broken down proteins), and
makes new glucose molecules that you
did not get from eating glucose. These
new glucose molecules are then released
into the bloodstream to elevate blood
glucose levels.
Hyperglycemia
96.
Low blood glucose is called
what?
97.
During hyperglycemia, what
hormone is released?
98.
What gland releases it?
99.
What is its effect on the blood
sugar levels?
100.
During hypoglycemia, what
hormone is released?
101.
What gland releases it?
102.
What is its effect on the blood
sugar levels?
103.
What two processes raise
blood sugar?
Hypoglycemia
104.
What are 2 methods of
measuring plasma concentration of
hormones?
–RIA (radioimmunoassay)
–ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay)
105.
Hyperthyroidism is most
commonly caused by what disease?
106.
What are the signs of Graves’
disease?
107. What causes Graves’ disease?
Graves’ Disease
What effect does Graves’ disease have
on TH levels? On TSH? On TSH-RH?
Insulin
Pancreas
Lowers blood sugar
Glucagon
Pancreas
Raises blood sugar
Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
(glycogen breakdown). NOTE: glucagon is
released during both of these processes.
Thin person with eyes that stick out like a
bug (exophthalmoses).
It is an autoimmune disease
Increased TH
Decreased TSH-RH and TSH
12
108.
Over-secreting tumors can be
a sign of what?
Hyperthyroidism
109.
What are two ways to treat
hyperthyroidism?
110.
What is the problem with
having a thyroidectomy?
Thyroid oblation or surgical removal
(thyroidectomy)
The parathyroid glands might become
damaged, loss of blood calcium levels,
can cause cardiac arrest.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (autoimmune)
Iodine deficiency
Thyroid tumor, under-secreting
Defective thyroid enzyme(s)
Thyromegaly
111.
What 4 things can cause
hypothyroidism?
112.
goiter?
113.
114.
What is the medical term for a
115.
What is cretinism?
What does idiopathic mean?
What does iatrogenic mean?
116.
What is the mental status of
cretinism?
117.
If you give a cretinism baby a
healthy diet, will it improve? Why?
Idiopathic = unknown cause
Iatrogenic = medical treatment caused the
condition
A baby with hypothyroidism because the
mother had a lack of iodine.
Mental retardation
No, because TH was not present during
fetal development, when myelination and
synaptic formation needed it.
Congenital Hypothyroidism
118.
What condition is when a
baby's thyroid gland is not secreting
enough thyroid hormone?
This is a problem with the baby, not the
119.
Is it a problem with the baby or mother.
the mother?
120.
Congenital Hypothyroidism
babies have similar symptoms to
what other childhood condition?
Cretinism
121.
What other hormone needs to
be present for GH to work?
TH
122.
What is an autoimmune
disorder where antibodies attack
and destroy the thyroid gland?
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
13
123.
In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, what TH goes down while TSH-RH and TSH
happens to the TH, TSH-RH, and
are elevated
TSH levels?
124.
In Hashimoto's thyroiditis does Enlarges
the healthy remaining thyroid tissue
enlarge or get smaller?
125.
What type of edema is nonpitting?
Myxedema
126.
A person who has depressed
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
mental and emotional activity,
psychosis, not easily in touch with
reality and detached may be signs of
what hormonal disorder?
127.
In iodine deficiency, which
hormones are elevated, and which
are decreased?
128.
What type of genetic defect
can cause hypothyroidism?
129.
A defect in any part of the
gene expression of thyroglobulin in
follicular cells could lead to the
cause of what disorder?
130.
What mechanism does the
adrenal gland use to secrete its
hormones?
131.
What endocrine gland
secretes catecholamines (be
specific)?
132.
What are catecholamines?
133.
Name two catecholamines
134.
What three things does the
adrenal cortex secrete?
TH is decreased, TSH and TSH-RH are
increased
Genetic defects in the thyroglobulin
Hypothyroidism
Adrenal medulla uses a neuronal
mechanism
Adrenal cortex uses a hormonal
mechanism
Adrenal medulla
Hormones that are also neurotransmitters
in the sympathetic nervous system. They
are what trigger fight or flight responses.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Aldosterone
Androgens/Estrogen
Cortisol
14
135.
What happens to blood sugar
levels when epinephrine is
secreted?
136.
How does epinephrine affect
the heart, digestion, respiratory
system, and blood pressure?
137.
What endocrine gland
secretes nothing but steroids?
138.
What is an example of a
mineralocorticoid?
139.
What is an example of a
glucocorticoid?
140.
What does cortisol do?
141.
What layer of the adrenal
cortex produces aldosterone?
142.
What layer produces the sex
hormones?
143.
What layer produces cortisol?
144.
What classification is
aldosterone?
145. What part of the body does
aldosterone target, and what is its
effect in that organ?
146. What is its effect on blood
pressure?
147.
What part of the adrenal gland
makes aldosterone (be specific)?
It is an antagonist to insulin. It elevates
blood sugar by breaking glycogen down in
the liver and also increasing
gluconeogenesis
Heart rate and force increases
Digestion slows
Respiratory passages open
BP goes up from peripheral
vasoconstriction
Adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
Cortisol
Stimulates fat and protein catabolism to
use for gluconeogenesis
Zona glomerulosa produces aldosterone
Zona fasciculate and Zona reticularis
produce the sex hormones and cortisol
Mineralocorticoid
Kidney; increases the amount of salt and
water absorbed.
It increases blood pressure
Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
15
148.
By what mechanism is
aldosterone secreted?
149.
It has a humeral release mechanism
High potassium levels and A2
What triggers aldosterone?
150.
Any word that ends in “-ogen”
means what?
Means they are zymogens (proteins which
are released in an inactive form
151.
When BP is too low, how does
the body compensate?
Baroreceptors detect low BP, kidney
releases renin, which cuts
angiotensinogen into A2, which stimulates
adrenal cortex to make aldosterone and
stimulates the hypothalamus to release
ADH. This raises BP
152.
What effect do high levels of
A2 have on other hormones?
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to make
more aldosterone, and also stimulates the
hypothalamus to release ADH.
153.
What effect do high levels of
A2 have on BP?
154.
What are Androgens?
It raises blood pressure
Male sex-hormones (the hormones
responsible for male secondary sex
characteristics, such as facial hair and low
voice).
The most well-known androgen is
Testosterone. It is a steroid hormone, like
all the adrenal cortex hormones.
155.
What is the main androgen
secreted by the adrenal gland?
DHEA
156.
What are two of the hormones
that DHEA can be converted into?
Testosterone or estrogen
16
157.
What does hyper-secretion of
androgens cause in males?
No effect
158.
What is the primary hormone
Testosterone from the testes is the
responsible for male characteristics? primary hormone responsible for male
characteristics
159.
What does hyper-secretion of
androgens cause in females?
Masculinization – facial hair and low voice
160.
What effect on female sex
characteristics does hyper-secretion
of estrogen cause in females?
No effect
161.
What is the primary hormone
responsible for female sex
characteristics?
Estrogen in the ovaries (not the estrogen
from the adrenal glands)
162.
What does hyper-secretion of
estrogen cause in males?
Feminization – breast development
163.
What are two other names for
cortisol?
corticosterol; hydrocortisone
164.
Which gland in the endocrine
system releases cortisol?
Adrenal gland, in the adrenal cortex
165.
What common situation
causes an increased demand for
cortisol?
Stress
166.
If the body cannot keep up
with the demand for cortisol, what
will happen to the excess ACTH?
It will cause androgens to be secreted
instead of cortisol.
167.
If excess androgens are made, More masculine characteristics
what symptoms result?
17
168.
What kinds of stress can
cause excess cortisol production?
emotional or physical (fighting an infection,
fasting, injury)
169.
What effect does cortisol have
on non-injured, non-stressed
tissues?
It makes them stop using glucose (except
the brain). The cells then have to break
down fat to use for energy.
170.
What effect does cortisol have
on skeletal muscles?
Tells them to break down their proteins to
release the free amino acids into the
blood.
171.
After cortisol’s effect on
skeletal muscle, what happens to
amino acids in the blood?
The liver adds them to fatty acids to
convert them into new glucose molecules
that you did not get by eating food.
172.
The process by which the liver makes new
glucose molecules that you did not get
from food.
What is gluconeogenesis?
173.
What effect does cortisol have
on blood sugar levels?
It elevates it because the new glucose
made in the liver is released into the
bloodstream. This sugar is then used by
the cells that are under stress and need
extra energy.
174.
What two hormones may
cause symptoms of diabetes (high
blood and urine sugar) in a person
who does not have diabetes?
Cortisol and prednisone
175.
What is the everyday function
of cortisol, when the body is not
under stress?
Helps maintain normally elevated blood
glucose levels between meals.
18
176.
What is the function of
glucocorticoids?
Stimulates the smooth muscles in the
walls of blood vessels to cause
vasoconstriction, which will get the blood
pressure up when it is too low.
177.
What naturally occurring
hormone may be used in high doses
as a medicine for asthma? How
does it work?
Prednisone. In high doses, it does the
opposite of what it normally does: In high
doses, it suppresses smooth muscle
constriction in the walls of blood vessels,
so their bronchioles cannot close up.
178.
Will people with asthma have
high or low levels of prednisone in
their body?
High
179.
What are the side effects of
taking prednisone?
Prednisone can make you hungry and
make it hard to sleep because brain is
stimulated.
180.
If a person abruptly stops
They will get low blood pressure and low
taking prednisone what will happen? blood sugar
181.
What disorder has the same
symptoms as a person who abruptly
stops taking prednisone?
Addison’s Disease
182.
What are two ways to
prescribe prednisone?
High dose, short duration (okay to stop
abruptly)
183.
Which of these ways is okay to Low dose, long duration (must taper off)
stop abruptly?
184.
What are the two
classifications of adrenal gland
deficiencies?
185.
Which one is Addison’s
disease?
Primary and secondary adrenal
insufficiency
Addison’s is primary adrenal insufficiency
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186.
What two things can cause
Addison’s disease?
entire adrenal gland is destroyed due to
atrophy or autoimmune disorder
Tuberculosis –disease attacks adrenal
gland
187.
What is the difference in
hormone levels between primary
and secondary adrenal
insufficiency?
188.
What causes secondary
adrenal insufficiency?
Primary has increased ACTH
Secondary has decreased ACTH
189.
What are the signs/symptoms
of Adrenal gland deficiencies?
 Water/salt imbalance
 plasma volume depletion (low BP)
 low blood glucose
 pigmentation
 Addisonian crisis
Low blood pressure and low blood
glucose, to the point where it is a medical
emergency
Hands, fingers, and gums
190.
What is Addisonian crisis?
191.
What parts of the body are
affected by Addison’s disease?
Rapid withdrawal of pharmacologic doses
of cortisol
192.
In Addison’s disease, what are Cortisol is low
the levels of cortisol?
ACTH and ACTH-RH are high
193.
What are the levels of ACTH?
194.
What are the levels of ACTHRH?
195.
Why do you get skin
pigmentation from excess ACTH?
ACTH is a peptide (protein) hormone,
synthesized from a larger protein called
POM-C. When it is cut into two segments,
one becomes ACTH and the other
becomes melanocyte stimulating hormone
(MSH). When a lot of ACTH is made, a lot
of MSH is made, and skin gets darker.
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196.
Where is the problem in
secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Pituitary is the problem, not secreting
enough ACTH
197.
In secondary adrenal
insufficiency, what are the levels of
cortisol?
Cortisol is low
ACTH-RH is high
198.
What are the levels of ACTHRH?
199.
What are the symptoms of
Cushing’s disease and Cushing’s
syndrome?
Buffalo hump, moon face, muscle loss,
thin striated skin, hyperglycemia, immune
suppression. Females get masculinization
features (facial hair, thicker jaw and skull)
200.
What is CAH?
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In a
female fetus causes the clitoris to enlarge
and the labia major fuse into a scrotal sac.
201.
What causes CAH?
Genetic problem, missing the enzyme to
convert cholesterol into anything except
androgens.
202. Are boys affected by CAH?
Boys are not affected
203. What treatment is there for girls with CAH?
Girls need surgery and cortisol for life
204. What is growth hormone also known as?
Somatotropin
205. What does GH do?
GH stimulates all cells to increase protein
synthesis, fat utilization, and gluconeogenesis.
206. What is the result of excess GH during
pre-puberty?
207. What is the result of excess GH after
growth plates closed?
208. What hormones are antagonistic to
insulin?
Gigantism
acromegaly
GH, Cortisol, Epinephrine
209. Which gland is most responsible for raising Parathyroid Glands
blood calcium levels?
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210. Which hormone stimulates osteoclasts to
chew away bone, releasing the bones
calcium into the bloodstream?
Parathyroid Hormone
211. What hormone has an action that is
antagonistic (opposite action) to
parathyroid hormone, and where is this
antagonist produced?
Calcitonin; produced in thyroid gland
212. Parathyroid levels are released by what?
Hormonal Mechanism
213. What are the 3 ways that the Parathyroid
glands raise blood calcium levels?
a. Stimulates osteoclasts to move bone
calcium into bloodstream.
b. Stimulates the intestines to absorb more
calcium from diet.
c. Stimulates the kidneys to stop excreting
calcium.
Bone: increases bone resorption by osteoclast
activity
214. PTH and Vit D have an effect on what
three body parts?
215. What is the effect at each of these
locations?
Kidney: increases calcium reabsorption
Intestine: increases calcium absorption
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