Download Body Systems and Disorders

Body Systems and Disorders
About the size of a
closed fist
Weighs about 1 pound
Located in thoracic
cavity; apex of heart lies
on the diaphragm and
points to the left of the
body
After 4 to 5 minutes
without blood flow, the
brain cells are
irreversibly damaged
Can hear the heartbeat
through the
stethoscope
Hollow, muscular, double pump:
circulates the blood through the
blood vessels to all parts of the
body.
Pericardium: double layer of
fibrous tissue that surrounds the
heart.
Myocardium: cardiac muscle
issue. Makes up major portion of
heart.
Endocardium: inner lining. Covers
heart valves and lines the blood
vessels.
Superior and inferior vena cava –
bring deoxygenated blood to the
heart from all parts of the body.
Pulmonary artery – takes blood
away from the right ventricle to
he lungs for oxygen
Pulmonary veins – bring
oxygenated blood from the lungs
o the left atrium.
Aorta – takes blood away from the
eft ventricle to the rest of the
body.
Separated into right and
left halves by
septum; then each half
separated into an
upper and lower
chamber
Upper chambers
– Left and right atria: or if
describing individually
would be call atrium – i.e.
right atrium, left atrium
Low chambers
– Left and right ventricles
Valves keep blood flow
going in one
direction
Atrioventricular valves
– Tricuspid valve: positioned in
between the right atrium and the
right ventricle.
– Bicuspid or mitral valve: positioned
between the left atrium and the left
ventricle.
Semilunar valves: are located where blood
will leave the heart.
– Pulmonary semilunar valve: found at
the opening of the pulmonary artery.
It allows blood to travel from the
right ventricle into the pulmonary
artery, and then into the lungs.
– Aortic semilunar valve: found at the
opening of the aorta. It allows blood
to pass from the left ventricle into
the aorta, but not backwards into the
Double pump
Right heart
– Deoxygenated blood
Left heart
– Oxygenated blood
Valves make a sound when they
close
Called lubb dupp sounds
Lubb – heard first and is made by
he Triscuspid & Bicuspid valves
closing between the atria and
ventricles.
Dupp – heard second and is
shorter and higher pitched. Is
made by the semilunar vales in the
aorta and the pulmonary artery
closing.
Electrical impulses cause rhythmic beating
of heart
Sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker: sends
out electrical impulse that spreads out over
atria, making them contract.
Atrioventricular (AV) node: electrical
mpulse continues to AV node which then
ends electrical impulse to conducting
ibers in septum (Bundle of His)
Bundle of His: divides into a right and left
branch, spreading throughout the
ventricles, which then subdivides into a
ine network call the Purkinje network.
Purkinje fibers: the electrical impulse then
hoots along the Purkinje fibers to the
ventricles causing them to contract.
Angiography: x-ray that uses dye
njected into the coronary arteries
o study the circulation of the
blood through the arteries.
Echocardiography: directs
ultrasound waves at the heart that
are then processed to provide
video images of the heart and
chambers.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG):
device used to record the electrical
activity of the heart.
Exercise stress tests
(treadmill test): given while
patient walks on a treadmill
to see if exercise brings on
changes in the EKG.
Holter monitor: small,
portable, battery-operated
EKG machine worn by the
patient to record EKG on
tape over a period of 24-48
hours.
Cardiac catheterization: insertion
of catheter, usually in femoral
artery or vein. Dye is inserted and
pictures are taken as fluid moves
hrough the chambers.
IVUS (intravascular coronary
ultrasound): a combination of
echocardiography and cardiac
catheterizations. Uses sound
waves to produce an image of the
coronary arteries.
Arterial blood gases: measures the
amount of oxygen in the blood and
he amount of carbon dioxide.
Lipid panel: measures cholesterol,
LDL, HDL and triglycerides
evels.
Cardiac enzymes: blood is
checked for enzymes that are
released by the damaged heart
muscle.
Prothrombin time tests: monitors
anticoagulation therapy.
Arrhythmia: term used to discuss any
change or deviation from the normal
rate or rhythm of the heart
Bradycardia: slow heart rate (less than
60 beats per minute)
Tachycardia: rapid heart rate (more
han 100 beats per minute)
Murmurs: indicates some defects in
he valves of the heart. When valves
fail to close properly, a gurgling or
hissing sound will occur
Mitral valve prolapse: valve between
eft atria and left ventricle closes
mperfectly.
Coronary artery disease (CAD):
narrowing of the arteries that
supply oxygen and blood to the
heart muscle.
Angina pectoris: severe chest pain
hat arises when the heart does not
receive enough oxygen.
Myocardial infarction: MI or Heart
attack. Caused by lack of blood
supply to the heart muscle.
When the ventricles of the
heart are unable
to contract effectively and
blood pools in the
heart.
Symptoms depend on which
ventricle fails: if left
ventricle fails, dyspnea
occurs. If right ventricle
fails, engorgement of organs
with venous blood occurs.
Similar to heart failure plus
edema of the
lower extremities and blood
backs up into
the lungs.
Treatment: drugs that reduce
the amount of fluid in the
body. Vasodilators that
lower blood pressure and
improve blood flow.
Angioplasty: small deflated
balloon is threaded into the
coronary artery. When it reaches
he blocked area, the balloon is
nflated.
Coronary bypass: surgically
providing a detour or bypass to
allow the blood supply to go
around the blocked area of the
coronary artery.
Cardiac stents: tiny webbed,
stainless steel devices, which hold
arteries open after an angioplasty.
Used as last resort: when
the individual’s own
heart can no longer
function properly.
Histocompatibility:
tissue type must match
Organ rejection: body
will sometimes reject
organ