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Transcript
Body Systems and Disorders About the size of a closed fist Weighs about 1 pound Located in thoracic cavity; apex of heart lies on the diaphragm and points to the left of the body After 4 to 5 minutes without blood flow, the brain cells are irreversibly damaged Can hear the heartbeat through the stethoscope Hollow, muscular, double pump: circulates the blood through the blood vessels to all parts of the body. Pericardium: double layer of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart. Myocardium: cardiac muscle issue. Makes up major portion of heart. Endocardium: inner lining. Covers heart valves and lines the blood vessels. Superior and inferior vena cava – bring deoxygenated blood to the heart from all parts of the body. Pulmonary artery – takes blood away from the right ventricle to he lungs for oxygen Pulmonary veins – bring oxygenated blood from the lungs o the left atrium. Aorta – takes blood away from the eft ventricle to the rest of the body. Separated into right and left halves by septum; then each half separated into an upper and lower chamber Upper chambers – Left and right atria: or if describing individually would be call atrium – i.e. right atrium, left atrium Low chambers – Left and right ventricles Valves keep blood flow going in one direction Atrioventricular valves – Tricuspid valve: positioned in between the right atrium and the right ventricle. – Bicuspid or mitral valve: positioned between the left atrium and the left ventricle. Semilunar valves: are located where blood will leave the heart. – Pulmonary semilunar valve: found at the opening of the pulmonary artery. It allows blood to travel from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, and then into the lungs. – Aortic semilunar valve: found at the opening of the aorta. It allows blood to pass from the left ventricle into the aorta, but not backwards into the Double pump Right heart – Deoxygenated blood Left heart – Oxygenated blood Valves make a sound when they close Called lubb dupp sounds Lubb – heard first and is made by he Triscuspid & Bicuspid valves closing between the atria and ventricles. Dupp – heard second and is shorter and higher pitched. Is made by the semilunar vales in the aorta and the pulmonary artery closing. Electrical impulses cause rhythmic beating of heart Sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker: sends out electrical impulse that spreads out over atria, making them contract. Atrioventricular (AV) node: electrical mpulse continues to AV node which then ends electrical impulse to conducting ibers in septum (Bundle of His) Bundle of His: divides into a right and left branch, spreading throughout the ventricles, which then subdivides into a ine network call the Purkinje network. Purkinje fibers: the electrical impulse then hoots along the Purkinje fibers to the ventricles causing them to contract. Angiography: x-ray that uses dye njected into the coronary arteries o study the circulation of the blood through the arteries. Echocardiography: directs ultrasound waves at the heart that are then processed to provide video images of the heart and chambers. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): device used to record the electrical activity of the heart. Exercise stress tests (treadmill test): given while patient walks on a treadmill to see if exercise brings on changes in the EKG. Holter monitor: small, portable, battery-operated EKG machine worn by the patient to record EKG on tape over a period of 24-48 hours. Cardiac catheterization: insertion of catheter, usually in femoral artery or vein. Dye is inserted and pictures are taken as fluid moves hrough the chambers. IVUS (intravascular coronary ultrasound): a combination of echocardiography and cardiac catheterizations. Uses sound waves to produce an image of the coronary arteries. Arterial blood gases: measures the amount of oxygen in the blood and he amount of carbon dioxide. Lipid panel: measures cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglycerides evels. Cardiac enzymes: blood is checked for enzymes that are released by the damaged heart muscle. Prothrombin time tests: monitors anticoagulation therapy. Arrhythmia: term used to discuss any change or deviation from the normal rate or rhythm of the heart Bradycardia: slow heart rate (less than 60 beats per minute) Tachycardia: rapid heart rate (more han 100 beats per minute) Murmurs: indicates some defects in he valves of the heart. When valves fail to close properly, a gurgling or hissing sound will occur Mitral valve prolapse: valve between eft atria and left ventricle closes mperfectly. Coronary artery disease (CAD): narrowing of the arteries that supply oxygen and blood to the heart muscle. Angina pectoris: severe chest pain hat arises when the heart does not receive enough oxygen. Myocardial infarction: MI or Heart attack. Caused by lack of blood supply to the heart muscle. When the ventricles of the heart are unable to contract effectively and blood pools in the heart. Symptoms depend on which ventricle fails: if left ventricle fails, dyspnea occurs. If right ventricle fails, engorgement of organs with venous blood occurs. Similar to heart failure plus edema of the lower extremities and blood backs up into the lungs. Treatment: drugs that reduce the amount of fluid in the body. Vasodilators that lower blood pressure and improve blood flow. Angioplasty: small deflated balloon is threaded into the coronary artery. When it reaches he blocked area, the balloon is nflated. Coronary bypass: surgically providing a detour or bypass to allow the blood supply to go around the blocked area of the coronary artery. Cardiac stents: tiny webbed, stainless steel devices, which hold arteries open after an angioplasty. Used as last resort: when the individual’s own heart can no longer function properly. Histocompatibility: tissue type must match Organ rejection: body will sometimes reject organ