Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Quantium Medical Cardiac Output wikipedia , lookup
Management of acute coronary syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Marfan syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Coronary artery disease wikipedia , lookup
Myocardial infarction wikipedia , lookup
Jatene procedure wikipedia , lookup
Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries wikipedia , lookup
1) Identify the two major components of the circulatory system and their functions. a) Heart b) Blood vassals 2) Identify the components of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and integrate the structure with the function of each component. a) Cardiovascular system i) Heart ii) Arteries iii) Veins b) Lymphatic system i) Lymph duct ii) Lymph node 3) Describe the three layers of blood vassals and integrate their structural components to specific functions. (tunica intima, media and adventitia) a) tunica intima lines lumen. Lined with endothelium which has basal lamina. Beyond basal lamina, have subendothelial CT, little longitudinal smooth muscle deeper, have internal elastic lamina = network of elastic fibers, more prevalent in arteries. Provides integrity and elasticity. Holes in network = finestra allow substances to transport of nutrients / gasses. b) tunica media = primarily Smooth muscle. These cells are in circular rings around vessel. Most prominent layer in arteries. Rather small in veins. Has elastic fibers, type III collagen reticular fibers, and proteoglycans secreted by smooth muscle cells. Have external elastic lamina in large muscular arteries which is boundary between tunica media and tunica adventitia. Capillaries / small venules have pericytes = undifferentiated cells which create rings around capillaries, effectively replace tunica media. c) tunica adventitia, has irregular CT and other smooth muscle. Has elastic fibers and longitudinal muscle fibers. Have fibroblasts with Type I collage. Contains blood vessels / nerves. Nerves control the contraction of smooth muscle cells to modulate flow. The BVs in larger vessels supports them whereas passive diffusion from blood content would not. These vessels within vessels = vasa vasorum = more numerous in veins (carries deoxy blood). Tunica adventitia also has lymphoid cells. In arteries = demarcated by an external elastic lamina. Tunica adventitia is more prominent in veins. 4) Compare and contrast the structural and functional differences between the various types of vassals, arterial and venous as well as microcirculation. a) p.296-297 5) Integrate the structure of the three types of capillaries with their functional capacities and locations. a) continuous – most common in muscle, connective tissue proper, and gut. Has thin cytoplasm, connected by tight junctions. Basal lamina continuous all around endothelium. No pores / fenestrations. Seen in muscle / nerve / CT. b) fenestrated – single endothelial cell. Has Holes (fenestrations) which are brided by diaphragms. Located in endocrine sweat glands, intestinal villi, exocrine pancrease tissue. Do not have diaphragms in the renal glomeruli. c) discontinuous capillary AKA sinusoid = larger diameter, irregular shape due to molding by surrounding tissue. Large gaps between endothelial cells. Have tight junctions. Endothelial cells are much larger. Have a discontinuous basal lamina which does not have cross gaps between cells. Located in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. These are blood pools (cisternae-like), flattened sac like structures. 6) Integrate the structural components of an arteriovenous anastomosis and the microcirculatory bed to their functions. a) arteriovenous anastomosis - p. 301 b) microcirculatory bed - p. 301 7) Relate the microscopic structure of the heart to its gross anatomy. a) P. 288-295 8) Identify and describe the layers of the pericardial sac and heart wall. Be able to relate them to the function of the heart. a) P. 289-290 9) Describe the structural components and function of the cardiac skeleton a) Annulus fibnrosis i) Ring of CT around valves b) Fibrosis trigones i) Triangular shped CT between valves c) Septum membranaceum i) CT form trigone to tip of interventricular septum 10) Describe the structural components of the cardiac conduction system and relate them to their function a) Sinuatrial node (SA node) = pacemaker i) located along upper end of sulcus terminalis, near the Superior VC ii) initiates heartbeat iii) supplied by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves b) atrioventricular node = located in interatrial septum adjacent to osteium of coronary sinus c) Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) = extends from the AV node along the IV septum, made up of purkinje fibers. AV bundle: divides into right and left bundle branches in the septum (near the junction of membranous and muscular part of septum) d) Subendocardial plexus 11) Locate and describe the function of the cardiac sinus and aortic bodies a) coronary sinus is a vein that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart b) aortic body is one of several small cluster of chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, and supporting cells located along the aortic arch. 12) Integrate the lymphatic system circulation into the cardiac system both structurally and functionally. a) Collects excess interstitial fluid b) Thoracic duct joins with superior vena cava 13) Relate how the following diseases affect the cardiovascular system: varicose veins, Marfan’s syndrome, Ehler-Danlos syndrome, atherosclerosis, and aneurysm. a) Varicose veins due to insufficiency of the valves in the communicating veins. b) Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that affects a protein called fibrillin-1, which is essential for the formation of elastic fibers found in connective tissue. c) Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a group of rare genetic disorders caused by a defect in collagen synthesis. d) Atherosclerosis is formation of multiple plaques within the arteries e) Aneurysm is a bulge in a blood vessal.