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CLASSROOM NOTES I. Classical Conditioning A. Stimulus – something that produces a reaction B. Response – the reaction to a stimulus C. Ivan Pavlov – pioneered research on conditioning with famous experiment on dogs. D. Classical Conditioning – a previously neutral stimulus produces a new response 1. 2. 3. 4. Unconditioned Stimulus – dog food Unconditioned Response – salivation Conditioned Stimulus – bell Conditioned Response – drool at sound of bell E. Practical Applications 1. Flooding – exposure to harmless stimulus until conditioning is extinct. 2. Desensitization – slow exposure to nonthreatening stimuli until extinction 3. Counterconditioning – pair fearful stimulus with pleasant one to learn different response 4. Bell & Pad – bladder control training II. Operant Conditioning - B. F. Skinner A. Learning based on consequences of actions Project Pigeons B. Reinforcement – the process by which repeated presentation of a stimulus increases the chances that a desired behavior will occur again 1. Skinner Box – (see rat example pg 136) 2. Positive reinforcers – fun, food, social approval 3. Negative reinforcers – discomfort, fear, social disapproval C. Rewards & Punishments – differ from reinforcers 1. Rewards – increase the frequency of a behavior 2. Punishments – decrease the frequency of a behavior D. Schedules of Reinforcement 1. Continuous – reinforcement every time behavior occurs 2. Partial – reinforcement schedules vary (pg 140) a. Fixed interval b. Variable interval c. Fixed ratio d. Variable ratio E. Extinction – if no reinforcement is received, eventually learned behavior will disappear III. Cognitive Factors in Learning A. Cognitive Psychologists – people learn by thinking about it and watching others B. Albert Bandura – people learn thru observational learning. Children learn by watching adult model behavior. C. Learning From the Media – kids learn violent behavior from TV, movies & video games. IV. PQ4R – Learning to Learn – an active approach to learning A. Preview – become familiar with the overall picture B. Question - set learning goals up front by creating questions about the subject matter C. Read – read with the purpose of answering questions D. Reflect – create mental images as you are reading (relate material to old learning or personal experiences) E. Recite – repeat your questions and answers to yourself or with someone else F. Review – go over the material several times…….not just the night before the test. Review involves relearning, which takes less time than the original learning.