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Transcript
The Endocrine System Notes I. Major Endocrine Organs Gland Pineal Hormone Released Melatonin Hypothalamus Hypothalamic-releasing & release-inhibiting hormones Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) Soft tissues, bones Stimulates protein synth. & bone growth ______________________ Mammary glnds Reg. Oogenesis & spermatogenesis Luteininzing Hormone; ______________________ ________________________________________________ Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); _______________________ Stimulate secretion of gluco-corticoids Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) _______________________ Posterior Pituitary Thyroid Target Tissue / Organ Chief Function of Hormone Involved in daily rhythms; possibly involved in maturation of sex organs Regulate anterior pituitary hormones Stimulates milk production & secretion Stimulate secretion of ______________________________________ Thyroid stimulating (TSH) _______________________ ______________________ Uterus,mammary glands Uterine contractions, release of milk ____________________ All tissues _____________________ Bones, kidneys, intestine ______________________________ Increases metabolic rate; helps to reglt. growth & development ______________________________________________ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH); Kidneys, sweat glands _______________________ Increases rate of cellular metabolism Triiodothyronine (T3) 1 Parathyroid Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Bones, kidneys, intestine __________________________________________________ Thymus Thymosin _________________ Stimulates maturation of T lymphocytes Adrenal Gland Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine & Norepinephrine Cardiac & other muscles Stimulate ____________________ reaction; raise blood _______________________________________________ Glucocorticoids ex. Cortisol ________________ ______________________________ Mineralcorticoids ex. ________________ Increase reabsorption of ______ & to excrete __________ Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Androgens ex. DHEA Pancreas Gonads Ovaries Testes _____________________ Stimulate onset of ___________, female sex drive ________________ Lowers blood ________________ Glucagon Liver, muscles, adipose tissues _______________ ____________________ Uterus Regulates menstrual cycle, secondary sex characteristics. _____________________ _____________________ ______________________ Uterus Pelvis, cervix Dilates cervix & birth canal Inhibits ____________________ _____________________ Testes Regult. spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics Inhibin _______________ Ant. Pituitary ___________blood glucose levels Reg.menstrual cycle, pregnancy inhibits FSH release 2 The Endocrine System Notes I. Hormones: A. Endocrine system produces hormones that are important in maintaining homeostasis & regulating reproduction & development. B. A Hormone is a chemical messenger produced by a cell that effects specific change in the cellular activity of other cells (target cells). C. Unlike exocrine glands that release their products at the body’s surface or into body cavities through ducts, the endocrine glands do not secrete substances into ducts instead their hormones are secreted directly into the surrounding extracellular space & then diffuse into nearby capillaries & are transported throughout the body in the blood. D. The endocrine & nervous systems often work together to maintain homeostasis. E. The nervous system uses neurotransmitters to act on cells (which is usually short-lived) to maintain homeostasis F. The endocrine system uses hormones (which effects last longer) to produce homeostasis. G. Hormones are classified into 2 basic categories: peptides (including amino acids, polypeptides, & proteins) & steroids (complex rings of carbon & hydrogen atoms) synthesized by cholesterol. Ex. Gonadal hormones adrenocortical hormones H. Pituitary – found in sella turcia pea-size, master gland. The Anterior pituitary has hormone production glandular portion. The Posterior pituitary neural portion & extension of hypothalamus. Ex. GH (bone & muscle) & TSH (growth of thyroid) I. Thyroid-Found in anterior throat overlying inferior border of larynx. One of the largest endocrine glands & has a heavy blood supply. Ex. Thyroid hormone T3 & T4 contain iodine. J. T3-T4 Function to 1) accelerate cellular metabolism, 2) tissue growth, 3) skeletal reproductive & nervous system development. K. Thyroid gland unique because it can store & slowly release its hormones (up to 3 months worth) L. Over active & uner active thyroid can cause severe disturbances. Ex. Hypothroid syndrome – goiter; Severe hypothyroidism – cretinism; Graves disease-most common. 3 M. Parathyroid – 4 to 8 embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid gland. Ex. PTH important in controlling level of calcium in blood. N. Hyperparathyroidism-rare result of PTH defiency untreated death may occur. Kidney stones, reflexes & skeletal muscle weakness. 4 O. Adrenal glands almond size atop the kidneys. 1. Adrenal Medulla- epinephrine & norepinephrine 2. Adrenal cortex- corticosteroids P. Pancreas- located partially behind the stomach. Endocrine & exocrine – Islets of Langerhans-minute clusters of cells that produce pancreatic hormones. Ex. Insulin-lowers blood sugar levels: hypoglycemic; Glucagon-causes release of glucose into blood-major target cell are liver cells: hyperglycemic Q. Pineal located in brain secretes melatonin fuction is unclear. II. Hormone Action A. Hormones activate target cells by 1 of 2 methods, depending upon the chemical nature of the hormone: 1) peptide hormones {water soluble} that bind to a receptor protein on the plasma membrane of the cell. The receptor protein, then stimulates the production of a second messenger (either cAMP or calcium.) 2) steroid hormones {lipid soluble} that diffuse through the plasma membrane of the target cell & bind to receptor protein present in the cytoplasm that activates a DNA segment that turns on specific genes. III. Control of Hormone Production A. Endocrine glands release hormones in response to 1 or more of the following stimuli: 1. Hormones form other endocrine glands 2. Chemical characteristics of the blood 3. Neural stimulation 4. most hormone production is regulated by negative feedback system. a. negative feedback: hormones secretion is triggered by some internal or external stimulus, then rising hormones levels inhibit further hormone release resulting in blood levels of many hormones varying only within a very narrow margin. 5 IV. Communication b/w the Hypothalamus & Pituitary Glands A. Communication b/w the hypothalamus & the Anterior Pituitary Gland occurs through chemicals that are produced by the hypothalamus & delivered to the ant. pituitary through blood vessels. B. Communication b/w the hypothalamus & the Posterior Pituitary Gland occurs through neurosecretory cells that connect the 2 glands. V. Antagonistic Hormones A. When the body hormone levels drop below normal homeostasis levels the antagonistic hormones are secreted to bring the body back to homeostasis. B. Ex. Bundles of cells in the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans contain 2 kinds of cells alpha (secrete glucagons) & beta (secrete insulin) cells, that control blood glucose concentrations by producing the antagonistic hormones insulin & glucagon 6 VI. Major Endocrine Organs Gland Hormone Released Pineal Melatonin Hypothalamus Hypothalamic-releasing Anterior & release-inhibiting pituitary hormones Anterior Pituitary Growth hormone (GH) Soft tissues, bones Stimulates protein synth. & bone growth Prolactin; Mammary glnds Stimulates milk production & secretion Luteininzing Hormone; Ovary, testes Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH); Gonads Reg. Oogenesis & spermatogenesis Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Adrenal cortex Thyroid stimulating (TSH) Thyroid Posterior Pituitary Oxytocin Uterus,mammary Uterine contractions, release of glands milk Thyroid Parathyroid Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH); Target Tissue / Organ Various Tissues Chief Function of Hormone Involved in daily rhythms; possibly involved in maturation of sex organs Regulate anterior pituitary hormones Same as LH Stimulate secretion of glucocorticoids Stimulate secretion of T3 & T4 Kidneys, sweat glands Increases water retention Thyroxin (T4) All tissues Calcitonin Bones, kidneys, intestine Bone Increases metabolic rate; helps to reult. growth & development Triiodothyronine (T3) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Bones, kidneys, intestine Lowers blood calcium levels Increases rate of cellular metabolism Raises blood calcium levels 7 Thymus Thymosins T lymphocytes Stimulates maturation of T lymphocytes Epinephrine & Norepinephrine Glucocorticoids ex. Cortisol Mineralcorticoids ex. Aldosterone Androgens ex. DHEA Cardiac & other muscles All tissues Stimulate “fight-or-fight” reaction; raise blood glucose lvl. Raises blood glucose level Kidneys Increase reabsorption of Na+ & to excrete K+ Stimulate onset of puberty, female sex drive Gland Hormone Released Chief Function of Hormone Pancreas Insulin Glucagon Target Tissue / Organ Liver, muscles, adipose tissues Liver Gonads Ovaries Estrogen Uterus Testes Progesterone Relaxin Inhibin Testosterone Uterus Pelvis, cervix Ant. pituitary Testes Inhibin Ant. Pituitary Regulates menstrual cycle, secondary sex characteristics. Reg.menstrual cycle, pregnancy Dilates cervix & birth canal Inhibits FSH release Regult. spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics inhibits FSH release Adrenal Gland Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex Sex organs, skin, muscles Lowers blood glucose levels Increases blood glucose levels VII 2 kinds of Glands Endocrine & Exocrine -ductless ducts -release hormones in blood -nonhormonal products -rich vascular & lymph drainage 8 ex. Pituitary & Thymus ex. Pancreas thyroid & parathyroid gonads adrenal & pineal *Note: Hypothalamus is a neuroendocrine organ. *hormones also produced by small intestine, stomach, kidneys, heart, placenta VIII Process controlled by hormones: Reproduction Growth & development Mobilization of body defenses Energy Balance Maintenance of electrolyte, water & nutrient balance of blood Cellular metabolism VIX, There are 2 9