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Coach is the leader in standards-based, state-customized instruction for grades K–12 in English language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies. Our student texts deliver everything you need to meet your state standards and prepare your class for grade-level success! Coach lessons have just what you’re looking for: ✔ Easy-to-follow, predictable lesson plans ✔ Focused instruction ✔ Higher-level thinking activities PLUS Chapter Reviews that target assessed content and skills Used by more students in the U.S. than any other state-customized series, Coach books are proven effective. Triumph Learning has been a trusted name in educational publishing for more than 40 years, and we continue to work with teachers and administrators to keep our books up to date— improving test scores and maximizing student learning. Florida Coach, Gold Edition, Standards-Based Instruction, Science, High School Standards-Based Curriculum Support! Please visit our website for detailed product descriptions of all our instructional materials, including sample pages and more. www.triumphlearning.com Phone: (800) 221-9372 • Fax: (866) 805-5723 • E-mail: [email protected] 200FL_Sci_HS_SE_Cvr.indd 1 978-1-60471-675-7 200FL This book is printed on paper containing a minimum of 10% post-consumer waste. Developed in Consultation with Florida Educators 7/29/09 11:17:10 AM Table of Contents Florida Benchmarks Chapter 1 The Nature of Science Lesson 1 Practice of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 SC.912.N.1.1, SC.912.N.1.7 Lesson 2 Planning an Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . 12 SC.912.N.1.1 Lesson 3 Scientific Tools and Measurements . . . 16 SC.912.N.1.1 Lesson 4 Organizing and Analyzing Data. . . . . . . 20 SC.912.N.1.1, SC.912.N.1.6 Lesson 5 The Characteristics of Scientific Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 SC.912.N.2.1, SC.912.N.2.5 Lesson 6 Scientific Theories and Laws . . . . . . . . 29 SC.912.N.3.1, SC.912.N.3.4 Lesson 7 Scientific Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 SC.912.N.3.5 Lesson 8 Science and Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 SC.912.N.4.1, SC.912.N.4.2 Chapter 1 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Chapter 2 Space Science Lesson 9 Origin and Patterns of the Universe . . . 45 SC.912.E.5.1, SC.912.E.5.2 Lesson 10 The Evolution of Stars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 SC.912.E.5.3 Lesson 11 The Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 SC.912.E.5.4 Lesson 12 Formation of Planetary Systems. . . . . . 56 SC.912.E.5.5 Lesson 13 The Earth, Moon, Sun System . . . . . . . 60 SC.912.E.5.6 Lesson 14 Tools of Astronomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 SC.912.E.5.8 Lesson 15 The Exploration of Space . . . . . . . . . . . 68 SC.912.E.5.7, SC.912.E.5.9 Chapter 2 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Chapter 3 Earth Science Lesson 16 Lesson 17 Earth’s Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 SC.912.E.6.1 Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Surface. . . 78 SC.912.E.6.2, SC.912.E.6.3, SC.912.E.6.4 Lesson 18 Biogeochemical Cycles. . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 SC.912.E.7.1, SC.912.E.7.3, SC.912.L.17.10 Lesson 19 Ocean Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 SC.912.E.7.2 Lesson 20 Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 SC.912.E.7.4, SC.912.E.7.7, SC.912.E.7.9 Lesson 21 Weather Patterns and Prediction . . . . . 98 SC.912.E.7.5 Lesson 22 People and the Environment of Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 SC.912.E.7.6, SC.912.E.7.8 Chapter 3 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. 200FL_Sci_G11_SE_PDF.indd 3 3 7/2/09 11:41:42 AM Florida Benchmarks Chapter 4 Matter Lesson 23 States and Properties of Matter . . . . . 110 SC.912.P.8.1, SC.912.P.8.2, SC.912.P.10.4 Lesson 24 Atomic Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 SC.912.P.8.3, SC.912.P.8.4 Lesson 25 The Periodic Table of Elements . . . . . 119 SC.912.P.8.5 Lesson 26 Bonding Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 SC.912.P.8.6 Lesson 27 Chemical Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 SC.912.P.8.7 Lesson 28 Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 SC.912.P.8.8, SC.912.P.8.10 Lesson 29 Quantitative Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 SC.912.P.8.9 Lesson 30 Acids and Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 SC.912.P.8.11 Lesson 31 Organic Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 SC.912.P.8.12, SC.912.P.8.13 Chapter 4 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Chapter 5 Energy Lesson 32 Energy Transformations and Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 SC.912.P.10.1, SC.912.P.10.2 Lesson 33 Work and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 SC.912.P.10.3 Lesson 34 Heat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 SC.912.P.10.4, SC.912.P.10.5, SC.912.P.10.7 Lesson 35 Potential Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 SC.912.P.10.6 Lesson 36 Atomic Energy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 SC.912.P.10.9, SC.912.P.10.11, SC.912.P.10.12 Lesson 37 Fundamental Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 SC.912.P.10.10 Lesson 38 Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 SC.912.P.10.14, SC.912.P.10.15 Lesson 39 Electromagnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 SC.912.P.10.16 Lesson 40 The Electromagnetic Spectrum . . . . . 186 SC.912.P.10.18, SC.912.P.12.7 Lesson 41 Behavior of Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 SC.912.P.10.20, SC.912.P.10.21 Chapter 5 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Chapter 6 Motion Lesson 42 Analyzing Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 SC.912.P.12.1, SC.912.P.12.2 Lesson 43 Gravity and Newton’s Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 SC.912.P.12.2, SC.912.P.12.3, SC.912.P.12.4 Lesson 44 Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 SC.912.P.12.5, SC.912.P.12.6 Lesson 45 The Behavior of Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 SC.912.P.12.10 Chapter 6 Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 4 200FL_Sci_G11_SE_PDF.indd 4 Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. 7/2/09 11:41:43 AM 17 Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Surface SC.912.E.6.2, SC.912.E.6.3, SC.912.E.6.4 Getting the Idea Key Words continental drift hypothesis theory of plate tectonics plate boundary divergent boundary sea-floor spreading mid-ocean ridge convergent boundary subduction transform boundary earthquake volcano hot spot weathering mechanical weathering chemical weathering erosion deposition Earth is shaped by interactions of its lithosphere and asthenosphere. Recall that the lithosphere is the solid part of Earth, which is made up of the crust and the top of the mantle. The asthenosphere is the part of the mantle upon which the lithosphere floats. Continental Drift Earth’s surface is made up of large landmasses called continents. The continental drift hypothesis states that the continents were once joined in a single large landmass that broke apart, and they then drifted to their current locations. German scientist Alfred Wegener proposed this hypothesis in 1912. Wegener called the single large landmass from which all of today’s continents formed Pangaea. The maps below show four stages in the formation of today’s continents from the breakup of Pangaea. Scientists have discovered much evidence to support the idea of continental drift. Laurasia Pangaea Panthalassa Go nd wa na lan 245 million years ago Earth’s land was concentrated in a single large landmass called Pangaea that extended from pole to pole. Pangaea was surrounded by a sea called Panthalassa. th Nor erica Am 180 million years ago Pangaea broke apart, forming two large landmasses known as Laurasia and Gondwanaland. rth a No eric Am Eurasia d ope Eur Asia India Africa Africa h a ut ric So me A India South America ia tral Aus lia stra Au Antarctica 65 million years ago Laurasia and Gondwanaland broke apart, forming most of the major continents. However, the continents have not yet drifted to their current locations. 78 200FL_Sci_G11_SE_PDF.indd 78 Present North America and Eurasia have split apart and other continents have drifted to new locations. The continents are now in their present-day positions. Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. 7/2/09 11:41:55 AM Lesson 17: Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Surface Plate Tectonics Recall that Earth’s lithosphere is broken into large sections. The idea that Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates that are carried on the asthenosphere is the theory of plate tectonics. About seven major plates and several smaller ones make up Earth’s surface, as the map shows. Many smaller plates are not shown. Gorda Plate Eurasian Plate Cocos Plate Philippine Plate Caroline Plate Pacific Plate Indian-Australian Fiji Plate Plate North American Plate Eurasian Arabian Plate Plate Caribbean Plate South Nazca American Plate Plate Antarctic Plate IndianAustralian African Plate Plate Scotia Plate Plate Movements Change Earth’s Surface Tectonic plate movements change more than just the locations of the continents. They also change Earth’s surface at places where plates interact. A place where two tectonic plates meet is called a plate boundary. Earth’s surface changes in different ways at different kinds of boundaries. The three main types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. Divergent Boundaries A place where two tectonic plates move apart is called a divergent boundary. New crust forms at divergent boundaries. The type of feature formed at a divergent boundary depends on the types of crustal plates involved. Where two oceanic plates move apart, molten rock from the mantle flows up to fill the space between the plates. This magma hardens to form new rock and ocean crust. Because the process forms new sea floor, it is called sea-floor spreading. Sea-floor spreading widens existing ocean basins and sometimes forms new ocean basins. Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. 200FL_Sci_G11_SE_PDF.indd 79 79 7/2/09 11:41:55 AM Did You Know Many fossils of early humans have been found in the East African Rift Valley. Long, continuous chains of volcanic mountains, called mid-ocean ridges, can form along divergent boundaries between oceanic plates. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a mid-ocean ridge located at the center of the Atlantic Ocean. Sea-floor spreading at this ridge is causing the Atlantic Ocean to become wider. Mid-ocean ridge Plate Plate Magma Two oceanic plates moving away from each other Some divergent boundaries involve continental plates. When such plates move apart, magma can flow up into the space between them to form a rift valley. If the continental plates continue to spread apart, a new ocean basin may form between them. The East African Rift Valley is a recent divergent boundary in northeast Africa. Convergent Boundaries A place where tectonic plates move toward each other is called a convergent boundary. Mountain ranges and volcanoes form at such boundaries. As with divergent boundaries, the type of Earth feature formed depends on the types of plates involved. Mountain ranges form where two plates carrying continental crust converge, or come together. The Himalayan Mountains, for example, formed where the IndianAustralian Plate meets the Eurasian Plate. Where two oceanic plates converge, one plate is typically pushed under the other in a process called subduction. Crust is destroyed in subduction zones at convergent boundaries. A deep ocean trench forms where the two oceanic plates meet. The plate that is subducted is pushed deep into the mantle and begins to melt. The hot, less dense magma then rises toward the surface and erupts as a volcano. Volcanoes at convergent boundaries may rise above sea level to form volcanic islands such as the Aleutian Islands in the northern Pacific Ocean. 80 200FL_Sci_G11_SE_PDF.indd 80 Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. 7/2/09 11:41:56 AM Lesson 17: Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Surface Volcanic mountains Trench Subducting ocean plate Ocean plate Trench Volcanic mountains Subducting ocean plate Continental plate Two oceanic plates pushing into one another An oceanic plate and a continental plate pushing into one another When an oceanic and a continental plate converge, the oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate. This interaction forms a chain of volcanoes along the edge of the continental plate, as magma rises from the melting oceanic plate. The Andes Mountains formed at the convergent boundary of the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate. Transform Boundaries A transform boundary is a place where two plates grind past one another in a mainly horizontal direction. Crust is not formed or destroyed at transform boundaries. The crust at these boundaries is faulted, that is, cracked and deformed. A fault is a crack in Earth’s crust. Transform boundaries are typified by long faults. When tectonic plates push together or pull apart near a fault, large sections of Earth can be pushed upward or sink downward relative to one another. The tallest blocks of crust pushed upward form a type of mountain called a fault-block mountain. The Sierra Nevada is a faultblock mountain range. Most transform faults are located in the oceans, where they offset sections of the mid-ocean ridges. The San Andreas Fault is a wellknown transform boundary that separates southwestern California from the North American Plate. Earthquakes are common along transform boundaries, as they are along all boundaries. An earthquake is the shaking of Earth’s surface due to a quick release of energy that was stored as pressure in rocks. As shown below, when the rocks cannot tolerate the pressure, they break and move, releasing their energy in the form of seismic waves. The movement that causes earthquakes tends to occur at faults. Plate boundary Pressure builds Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. 200FL_Sci_G11_SE_PDF.indd 81 Plates slip and release energy 81 7/2/09 11:41:56 AM Features Resulting from Plate Interactions Most volcanic activity occurs at convergent and divergent boundaries. A volcano is an opening in Earth’s surface through which magma is released. Magma in the mantle can move upward and accumulate in underground pools. These pools can overfill and exert enough pressure on the rock above them to break through onto Earth’s surface. Volcano Surface Magma Often, magma erupts gently onto Earth’s surface by simply oozing out of cracks in Earth’s surface. However, under great pressure, a violent volcanic eruption can throw boulders, rocks, and ash great distances. In either type of eruption, lava, magma that reaches Earth’s surface, can move over the land. burning everything in its path. When the lava cools and hardens, it forms new igneous rock. Some volcanoes form over hot spots rather than at plate boundaries. A hot spot is an unusually hot, basically stationary area in the mantle through which magma rises. Volcanoes sometimes form when tectonic plates move over hot spots. For example, the Hawaiian Islands formed when the Pacific Plate moved over a hot spot. The hot spot is currently beneath Kilauea, an active volcano on the big island of Hawaii. Weathering Changes Earth’s Surface Not all changes to Earth’s surface are caused by interactions of tectonic plates. For example, rocks at Earth’s surface are constantly broken apart. The process that breaks rocks into smaller pieces is called weathering. Weathering forms both sediment and soil. Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces. Agents of mechanical weathering include moving water, wind, gravity, glacial movement, freezing and thawing, and organisms. Wind and water can cause rocks to break apart through contact with other particles. For example, fast-moving water can bang rocks together, causing them to break apart. Wind can blow sand and small rock particles against other rocks. Gravity causes rocks to break apart during landslides. Glaciers can pick up and carry pieces of rock. This material becomes embedded in the glacial ice and wears away the rock surfaces over which the glacier passes. 82 200FL_Sci_G11_SE_PDF.indd 82 Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. 7/2/09 11:41:56 AM Lesson 17: Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Surface Mechanical weathering often results from temperature changes. For example, water within a crack in a rock can freeze when temperatures drop. The freezing water expands and exerts pressure against the rocks on either side of the crack. The crack may widen slightly. When temperatures rise, the ice melts and releases the pressure. Over time, the repeated freezing and thawing cycles cause the rock to weaken and break apart. The mechanical weathering of rock caused by repeated freezing and thawing of water is called ice wedging. Chemical weathering breaks rocks apart by changing their chemical makeup. Common agents of chemical weathering include water, acids, and oxidation. Water can dissolve and wash away some minerals in rocks. Acids produced by fungi or in acid rain can dissolve minerals and change their composition. Oxygen in the air can react chemically with substances (such as iron) in rocks. Erosion and Deposition Rock that has been broken down can be eroded. Erosion is the movement of rock and soil by wind, water, ice, or gravity. Erosion can be fast or slow. For example, land is eroded quickly when hurricane waves carry away large amounts of sand from a beach. Gravity can quickly carry away large amounts of rock and soil during a landslide. Canyons are formed by the moving water of rivers. The formation of a canyon takes a long time as the water first weathers and then erodes the rock over which the river travels. The amount of material carried away depends in part on how fast the river flows. The tall limestone bluffs along the banks of the Suwannee River formed in this way. Two features that often result from chemical weathering and erosion are caves and sinkholes. For example, the caves in the Florida Caverns State Park in Marianna formed as acidic water flowing underground dissolved and carried away minerals contained in limestone deposits. As more and more minerals were removed, the caves were left behind. A sinkhole is a large hole in the ground that forms when the walls of a cavern are weathered away so that they can no longer support the land above them. The roof of a cave then collapses into the void below it. The cave turns into a sinkhole, or sink, at the surface. Weathering and erosion are destructive forces that break down Earth’s surface. These destructive forces are balanced by a constructive force called deposition. Deposition is the process in which sediments transported by erosion are dropped in new locations. Like erosion, agents of deposition include wind, water, ice, and gravity. Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. 200FL_Sci_G11_SE_PDF.indd 83 83 7/2/09 11:41:56 AM Sand dunes are formed by deposition. Dunes form when wind that is carrying sand slows and drops the sand. River deltas, triangular deposits of sediment at river mouths, are also formed by deposition. The delta forms because river water slows when it enters the ocean. DISCUSSION QUESTION Look at the shapes of the eastern coast of South America and the western coast of Africa on the map showing the present-day locations of the continents on page 78. How do the shapes of these regions support the continental drift hypothesis? LESSON REVIEW 1. 2. 3. 84 200FL_Sci_G11_SE_PDF.indd 84 Which process is responsible for breaking apart rocks on Earth’s surface? A. weathering B. erosion C. deposition D. folding Which of these is an example of chemical weathering? A. Trees wedge their roots into crevices, pushing the rock apart. B. Acid rainwater seeps into the ground and dissolves limestone. C. Gravity pulls rocks to the bottom of a mountain. D. Rock pieces carried by river water scrape the rocks in the riverbed. At what type of plate boundary does sea-floor spreading occur? A. convergent oceanic-oceanic boundaries B. convergent oceanic-continental boundaries C. divergent oceanic-oceanic boundaries D. transform boundaries Duplicating any part of this book is prohibited by law. 7/2/09 11:41:56 AM