Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
11/27/2012 Russian Physiologist Won 1904 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine › Studied digestive processes in dogs › Made observation that dogs were salivating in presence of lab assistants when no food in sight 1 11/27/2012 “Astimuluswhichwasneutralinandofitselfhadbeensuperimposed upontheactionoftheinbornalimentaryreflex.Weobservedthat,after severalrepetitionsofthecombinedstimulation,thesoundsofthe metronomehadacquiredthepropertyofstimulationsalivarysecretion.” First systematic study of learning Learning to associate an unconditioned stimulus that elicits a specific response with a new conditioned stimulus so that the new stimulus elicits the same response › Phobias › Taste aversion 2 11/27/2012 Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) › Stimulus that originally produces natural response Unconditioned Response (UCR) › Natural response Neutral Stimulus (NS) › New stimulus that produces no response Conditioned Stimulus (CS) › Neutral stimulus once it has become associated with UCS Conditioned Response (CR) › Same response to the conditioned stimulus UCS- Food UCR- Salivation NS- Bell CS- Bell CR- Salivation 3 11/27/2012 Acquisition- established when response is › Repeated pairing of UCS + CS = CR Rate determined by prominence of stimuli and time of delivery Extinction- CR gradual weakening of › When CS is no longer paired with UCS Spontaneous recovery › recovery of behavior after extinction Stimulus generalization- CR to stimuli similar to CS Discrimination- conditioning to discriminate between these similar stimuli › 1921: Shenger-Krestovnika Trained dogs to discriminate between circles and ellipses by pairing some pictures with meat 4 11/27/2012 John Watson and Rosalie Raynor “The instant the rat was shown, the baby began to cry. Almost instantly he turned sharply to the left, fell over on his left side, raised himself on all fours and began to crawl away so rapidly that he was caught with difficulty before reaching the edge of the table.” UCS- loud noise UCR- fear NS- white rat CS- white rat CR- fear Generalization- conditioned fear was generalized to similar objects › Raynor’s fur coat and Watson in Santa beard 5 11/27/2012 Major criticisms of experiment › Experimental design Subjective interpretations › Ethical concerns Conditioning fear in infant Moved and left experiment without extinguishing fear 7 years of research › Hall P. Beck, Sharman Levinson, and Gary Irons Douglas Merritte › Died at 6 in 1925 of hydrocephalus › Condition since birth › Not happy and healthy normal child described in study 6 11/27/2012 "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904". Nobelprize.org. 20 Nov 2012 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/l aureates/1904/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/b hpavl.html McLeod, S. A. (2007). Pavlov’s Dogs. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html http://www3.niu.edu/acad/psych/Millis/History/200 3/ClassicalConditioning.htm http://muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/pa vlov.htm simplepsychology.org Psychology.about.com 7