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Endocrine System Hormones Reproduction AP Biology 2006-2007 Hormones Why are hormones needed? chemical messages from one body part to cells in other parts of body communication needed to coordinate whole body maintaining homeostasis energy production growth development maturation reproduction Regents Biology growth hormones Endocrine System Endocrine system releases hormones glands which secrete chemical signals into blood chemicals cause changes in other parts of body slow, long-lasting response Regents Biology growth hormones sex hormones response hormones metabolism hormones and more…. Regulation by chemical messengers Neurotransmitters released by neurons Hormones release by endocrine glands endocrine gland neurotransmitter axon hormone carried by blood receptor proteins Regents Biology receptor proteins target cell Body Regulation Nervous system & Endocrine system work together hypothalamus “master nerve control center” receives information from nerves around body about internal conditions communicates with pituitary gland “master gland” releases many hormones hormones sexual development, growth, Regents Biology milk production, pain-relief hormones Negative Feedback Response to changed body condition every time body is high or low from normal level a signal tells the body to make changes that will bring body back to normal level hormone 1 once body is back to normal level, lowers gland signal is body condition turned off high Regents Biology specific body condition Feedback Maintaining homeostasis hormone 1 lowers body condition gland high specific body condition low raises body condition Regents Biology gland hormone 2 Dynamic Equilibrium and Feedback Loops Two Hormones Working in Opposite Feed Back Loop Ways to Regulate a “set point” One Hormone “feeds-back” to Regulate another Hormone or Regents Biology Product Nervous System Control Feedback Controlling Body Temperature nerve signals brain sweat high body temperature low brain constricts surface shiver blood vessels Regents Biology nerve signals dilates surface blood vessels Endocrine System Control Regulation of Blood Sugar Feedback insulin liver stores sugar body cells take up sugar from blood pancreas high liver blood sugar level (90mg/100ml) low triggers hunger Regents Biology liver releases sugar liver pancreas glucagon reduces appetite Let’s Review ?? AP Biology 2006-2007 What do they do? Maintain homeostasis blood sugar level temperature control Start a new process growth fetal development sexual development Regents Biology Body Temperature Negative Feedback Negative feedback every time body is high or low from normal level a signal tells the body to make changes that will bring body back body temperature control of blood sugar Regents Biology Sex & Growth Hormones Large scale body changes how do they work turn genes on start new processes in the body by turning genes on that were lying “dormant” Regents Biology Responding to hormones Lock and key system hormone fits receptor on “target” cell target cell secreting cell Regents Biology can’t read signal nontarget cells can’t read signal Hormone Action at Target Cells One Messenger Protein Hormone Two Messengers Steroid Hormone Nonsteroid hormone (first messenger) Receptor Target cell membrane Target cell membrane Receptor Altered cellular function Hormonereceptor complex Nucleus DNA cAMP (second messenger) Enzyme activities Altered cellular function Protein synthesis Nucleus Cytoplasm Cytoplasm mRNA Steroid hormones Act Directly on DNA Regents Biology Protein Hormones affect Enzyme Activities and Cell Function Glands Pineal Pituitary insulin, glucagon Ovary adrenaline Pancreas thyroxine Adrenal many hormones: master gland Thyroid melatonin estrogen Testes testosterone Regents Biology Pituitary gland hormones Sex & reproductive hormones FSH LH luteinizing hormone stimulates ovaries & testes prepares uterus for fertilized egg oxytocin follicle stimulating hormone stimulates egg & sperm production stimulates childbirth contractions releases milk in nursing mothers prolactin milk production in nursing mothers Regents Biology hormones hormones Reproductive hormones Testosterone from testes sperm production & secondary sexual characteristics Estrogen from ovaries egg production, preparing uterus for fertilized egg & secondary sexual characteristics Regents Biology Male reproductive system Sperm production over 100 million produced per day! Regents Biology ~2.5 million released per drop! seminiferous tubule sperm spermatocytes Regents Biology Main Functions of Male Repro System 1. Sperm production in paired testes Flagellum Requires lower temperature Scrotum adaptation for max. sperm production 2. Delivery of Sperm into Female’s Reproductive Tract Regents Biology Mitochondria Head Nucleus Male reproductive system Testes & epididymis sperm production & maturation Glands seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethal produce seminal fluid Regents Biology nutrient-rich Male reproductive system Testicles Scrotum where sperm mature Vas deferens sac that holds testicles outside of body Epididymis produces sperm & hormones tubes for sperm to travel from testes to penis Prostate, seminal vesicles, Cowper’s (bulbourethal) glands nutrient rich fluid to feed & protect sperm Regents Biology Female reproductive system Regents Biology Female reproductive system Ovaries Uterus tubes for eggs to travel from ovaries to uterus Cervix nurtures fetus; lining builds up each month Fallopian tubes produces eggs & hormones opening to uterus, dilates 10 cm for birthing baby Vagina birth canal for birthing baby Regents Biology Female reproductive system Regents Biology Egg maturation in ovary releases progesterone maintains uterus lining Regents Biology produces estrogen LH Menstrual cycle Controlled by interaction of 4 hormones egg development FSH & LH estrogen progesterone FSH ovulation = egg release corpus luteum estrogen progesterone lining of uterus Regents Biology days 0 7 14 21 28 Menstrual Cycle Summary Chart 1. Follicle Stage • • • • • Low Estrogen + progesterone allows FSH to be released again from pituitary ↑FSH Follicle develops Follicle produces Estrogen Egg Matures Estrogen Thickens Uterus lining 4. Menstruation •Sudden decrease in estrogen and progesterone •Shedding of Uterine Lining Corpus luteum Degenerates Causing Progesterone + estrogen to Drop Regents Biology Lasts 10-14 days Lasts 10-12 days 3. Corpus Luteum Stage • Ruptured follicle becomes the Day 14 2. Ovulation •↑ LH released •Mature egg released Ovulation Corpus Luteum (yellow Body) • Corpus luteum produces Progesterone • Uterus lining becomes thicker, prepares For possible fertilization Human Menstrual Cycle Regents Biology Female hormones FSH & LH Estrogen released from pituitary stimulates egg development & hormone release peak release = release of egg (ovulation) released from ovary cells around developing egg stimulates growth of lining of uterus decreasing levels causes menstruation Progesterone released from “corpus luteum” in ovaries cells that used to take care of developing egg stimulates blood supply to lining of uterus decreasing levels causes menstruation Regents Biology Fertilization Regents Biology Fertilization Occurs In the Fallopian Tubes Fallopian tube Day 4 4 cells Morula Day 7 Blastocyst 2 cells Fertilization Zygote Day 0 Implantation of blastocyst Uterine wall Regents Biology ovary Egg released “ovulation” Early Embryonic Development All divisions of A zygote after Fertilization are Mitotic cell divisions Called Cleavage Regents Biology The Three Germ Layers Differentiation of Cells Endoderm: Lining of Digestive And Respiratory tracts, Liver and Pancreas Regents Biology Mesoderm: Muscles and Skeleton, Circulatory and Reproductive systems Ectoderm: Nervous System Epidermis of skin Multiple Births Fertilization is the fusion of a sperm and an egg to form a zygote, the single cell from which all cells of the human body are derived. When an egg is fertilized, the remarkable process of human development begins. 1.If two eggs are released during ovulation, each can be fertilized by a sperm. What do you think would be the result? Explain your answer. 2.If one zygote splits into two, each can continue development on its own. What do you think would be the result? Explain your answer. 3.Triplets are three babies born at the same time. Describe three ways that triplets could develop. Regents Biology Human Embryo: 3-8 weeks Gestation Note, the period from week 12 to week 38 is considered Fetal Development Regents Biology Fetus to Baby In spite of the placental “barrier” Small molecules and Viruses can still cross And affect the baby HIV Measles Chicken Pox Regents Biology Alcohol (FAS) Carbon Monoxide (Smoking) Antibodies Narcotics (Heroine, Crack) Rh incompatibility It’s All About HORMONES Got Questions ? Regents Biology Actions of Insulin and Glucagon Following a Meal Regulation of Blood Sugar Levels to Maintain Homeostasis Beta cells release insulin into the blood Blood glucose level increases Body cells absorb glucose Liver converts glucose in to glycogen Blood glucose level decreases Homeostasis: Normal blood glucose level Blood glucose level increases Liver converts glycogen to glucose Regents Biology Blood glucose level decreases Alpha cells release glucagon into blood Missed a Meal Feedback Female reproductive cycle egg matures & is released (ovulation) estrogen builds up uterus lining corpus luteum ovary progesterone FSH & LH maintains uterus lining fertilized egg (zygote) HCG yes pituitary gland pregnancy GnRH Regents Biology hypothalamus no corpus luteum breaks down progesterone drops menstruation corpus luteum progesterone maintains uterus lining Homeostasis . biological processes which keep temperature & other body variables within a certain range •For example, temperature, weight, hydration (fluids; H2O) content of blood (acidity, oxygen, fat, glucose) Homeostasis is maintained by both (1) internal biological processes and (2) external behaviors. Set Point: homeostasis relies upon set points for each body variable, that is, a specific narrow range of acceptable values which the body must maintain. For example, the human body temperature generally stay between roughly 36.5 and 37.5 degrees Celsius (97.7 and 99.5 degrees Fahrenheit) Regents Biology The Thyroid Gland •Location: found in the neck, just below the larynx and in front of the trachea Regents Biology Thyroxine • Iodine-containing hormone secreted by the thyroid gland • Regulates rate of metabolism in body •Increases rate of protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism •Increases rate of cellular respiration •Necessary for normal mental and physical development Regents Biology Thyroxine Factory hypothalamus TSH-releasing factor stimulates Low-level stimulates High-level inhibits FEED BACK LOOP thyroxine anterior pituitary TSH stimulates RELEASES Regents Biology thyroid