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ISSE Initiative: Integrative Science for Society and Environment Ecosystem Biotic structure rank-dominance curves, life-history traits Long-term “press” Human behavior Q (land use) N deposition, species invasions, temperature Q Q Short-term “pulse” Community functioning e.g., fire, storms 1/ 2 production, decomposition, nutrient cycling Q Ecosystem services food, pest/disease control, erosion control, soil fertility Q Overarching Question (relates to all of the arrows/questions in conceptual diagram) • How do changes in human populations and behavior, climate, biogeochemical cycles and biotic structure interact to affect and respond to ecosystem dynamics and their services to society? • How do press and pulse disturbances generate offsetting or complementary changes in ecosystem services across ecosystems? Fundamental question Research objectives / Specific questions Example approaches (Site poll, other ideas) Q: Which human actions influence availability of resources and disturbance regimes across ecosystem types? A. Quantifying changes in resources across continental scales? B. Identify which human actions translate into press versus pulse disturbances across different ecosystems? C. What are the directions (or predicted directions) of change? D. Which elements of human institutions incentive structures lead to those actions? Land use Water use Extraction Energy use Fertilization Q: How do long-term press disturbances & short-term pulse disturbances interact to alter ecosystem structure & function? A. How do changes in resource availability interact with pulse events to alter biotic structure? B. How does land use change interact with other press/pulse disturbances? C. How do storms and SST or sea level rise interact In coastal systems? Presses: sea level rise, nutrient enrichment, greenhouse warming, invasive species, land use, precip, global cycles Pulses: storms, fires, drought, land use, extinctions Q: How can biotic structure be both a cause and consequence of ecological fluxes of energy & matter? A. How does ecosystem productivity and ecosystem structure exhibit reciprocal feedbacks in space and time? B. How do those feedbacks change in response to the pulse/press manipulations? Manipulate limiting resource and species diversity simultaneously. Q: What shapes human behavior with regard to ecosystems? Dominant species manipulation (removal/addition) Potential sites Fundamental question Research objectives / Specific questions Q: How do altered ecosystem dynamics affect ecosystem services? A. Identify from where are we deriving ecosystem services across difference ecosystems B. Are their threshold responses in ecosystem change that dramatically alter ecosystem services? Q: How do changes in vital ecosystem services feed back to alter human behavior? A. Which ecosystem services are valued more highly in one ecosystem versus another? B. Which losses of ecosystem services lead to the biggest decrease in value? C. How does the value of ecosystem services change over space and time? D. How do small or dramatic changes in ecosystem services cause changes in human institutions and incentives? E. How does information about ecosystem services impact understanding and valuation of ecosystem services? What is the relative influence of ecosystem services vs. other socioeconomic drivers (trade transport corridors, employment opps., cost of living) for human distribution and behavior? Example approaches (Site poll, other ideas) Potential sites