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Name ______________________________________ FES 100 - Introduction to Forest Biology Exam 1: 100 points October 1, 2008 For short answer questions, be brief; full sentences are not necessary. Point value for each question is in parentheses. If a question is not clear to you, please ask for clarification. Write your name on this page now!!!!!! 1. (pt=3) Give one important way that you can distinguish a written statement as being scientific or not:: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2. (pt=3) What are three, clear characteristics that can distinguish between something that is living or not living. a)______________________________________________________________________________ b)______________________________________________________________________________ c)______________________________________________________________________________ 3. (pt=2) What is one key characteristic of a good, scientific hypothesis: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. (pt=6) What are the 3, primary premises (assumptions) in Darwin’s theory of natural selection: a)______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b)______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ c)______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 1 5. (pt=2) What is the primary difference between bacteria and eukaryotic cells? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 6. (pt=5) What are the fundamental attributes of a healthy forest? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7. (pt=4) What are at least 2 reasons why trees and plants must make-up 90% of a forest? a)______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b)______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 8. (pt=2) What is a niche? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 9. (pt=2) What is an example of a disturbance that has evolved with the Maine forest? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 2 10. (pt=4) Make a sketch of the water molecule showing protons and the electron cloud: 11. (pt=4) Make a sketch illustrating how water can dissolve salt (sodium chloride). Be sure to show any charges: 3 12. (pt=3) Why can carbon form 4 covalent bonds and nitrogen only 3? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 13. (pt=1) Which chemical characteristic of water gives it cohesion and a high specific heat: ______________________________________________________________________________ 14. (pt=1) If pH=7, then water has no hydrogen ions: Yes No 15. (pt=1) If a water solution has a concentration of 10-10 mole of OH- ions, how many H+ ions does it have? ______________________________________________________________________________ 16. (pt=2) What is an acid? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 17. (pt=2) If a carbohydrate has 3 carbons, what is its complete chemical formula? 18. (pt=2) Write or sketch the make-up of the carboxyl functional group: 4 19. (pt=2) What chemical reaction occurs that makes cellulose from glucose? (term or sketch) 20. (pt=3) Sketch or describe a fatty acid: 21. (pt=5) Describe or sketch the 3 basic parts of an amino acid that allows it to react with other molecules: 22. (pt=1) What is an organic molecule? ______________________________________________________________________________ 5 23. (pt=5) Make a sketch of cross section from a cell membrane. Be sure to label phospholipid, phosphate end, hydrocarbon end, hydrophobic area, hydrophilic area, protein.: 24. (pt=5) Illustrate or describe how osmosis can create osmotic pressure: 25. (pt=4) What are 2 different ways in which a sugar molecule can move across the plasma membrane (describe or sketch): a) b) 6 26. (pt=6) Use a graph to illustrate an endogonic reaction, and indicate how an enzyme will affect this reaction with a dashed line. Label the axis and activation energy : 27. (pt=2) What is potential energy? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 28. (pt=1) What is the most abundant form of energy in a cell? ______________________________________________________________________________ 29. (pt=3) Relate the first law of thermodynamics to an exergonic reaction: ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 30. (pt=1) Which has more potential energy, ATP or ADP ? (circle the correct answer) 31. (pt=3) Why is the shape of an enzyme so important? (1 major reason) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 7 32. (pt=3) What helps to maintain the shape of an enzyme? (2 factors) a)______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ b)______________________________________________________________________________ 33. (pt=1) What is changed in an enzyme after it catalyzes a reaction? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 34. (pt=2) What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 35. (pt=4) Describe or sketch how a change in pH can stop the functioning of an enzyme: 8