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Social Studies Harcourt Brace Harcourt Brace Social Studies: The World Chapter 8 Ancient Rome OVERVIEW This chapter discusses the Roman Republic, the rise and fall of the Roman Empire, and the birth and growth of Christianity. KEY TERMS • acid rain: rain mixed with pollution, which can damage buildings it falls on • forum: an open space, such as a public square, where many people come to share their opinions • apostle: religious follower • • aqueduct: a system of bridges and canals for carrying water gladiators: slaves and prisoners who were made to fight for the entertainment of others • basilica: a government building in ancient Rome • • census: a counting of all the people who live in a country Christ: another word for "messiah" • consul: a chief official in the Roman assembly • crucifixion: killing someone (such as a criminal) by nailing him or her to a cross • Christianity: the religion based on the teachings of Jesus • dictator: a ruler with complete power • • gospels: writings that describe the life and death of Jesus, especially the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John in the Bible • legion: a large group of soldiers (up to 6,000) in the Roman army • martyr: someone who dies for a cause, such as a religious belief • messiah: in Judaism, someone who will come to save the world and bring peace • parable: a story that is used to teach a lesson or make a point • patricians: members of the upper class in Roman society • persecute: to make someone suffer unfairly, such as for his or her religious beliefs • plebeians: members of the lower class in Roman society • policies: the official plans of a ruler or a government • province: a region that is part of a larger country but which also has its own government • republic: a government in which citizens elect their leaders • senate: a governing body • New Testament: the part of the Christian Bible that tells about Jesus and the early Christians • tribunes: officials elected by the plebeians because they felt they had no say in the senate • Old Testament: the part of the Christian Bible that is taken from the Hebrew scriptures, and which tells of the time before Jesus • veto: to block or overrule a law disciple: a follower CHAPTER OUTLINE Section 1: The Republic of Rome II. After Alexander’s death, the center of power in the Mediterranean shifted to Rome. I. Rome is located on the Italian Peninsula. A. The Italian Peninsula has fertile soil. 1. Its hills and mountains are not as rugged as those in Greece, making trade and travel easier. B. Italy, however, had few natural harbors. 1. Therefore, the early people of Italy traded among themselves and not with foreigners. Before Rome was founded, people had lived on the peninsula of Italy for many years. A. The Latins, a people from central Europe, migrated to Italy around 1000 B.C. B. They settled near the Tiber River and built villages. One of the villages grew and became Rome. www.leapfrog.com Code: SS73.08 © 2002 LeapFrog, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 1 of 4 Social Studies Harcourt Brace Harcourt Brace Social Studies: The World Chapter 8 Ancient Rome 3. C. The land around Rome was fertile, and had plenty of natural resources. 1. The hilly country was a natural barrier against enemy attack. D. According to legend, Rome was founded in 753 B.C. by a pair of twins, Romulus and Remus. III. Rome became a republic. A. The Etruscans conquered Rome around 600 B.C. 1. They introduced Greek ideas and customs to the Romans. B. After about 100 years, the Romans rebelled and ended Etruscan rule. 1. The Romans founded a new government, a republic, in which the citizens elected leaders. C. Two consuls were elected by the assembly each year. 1. The consuls shared the power. They served as judges, led the armies, and acted on behalf of all Roman citizens. 2. When necessary, a dictator was appointed, who served for six months. 3. Dictators were considered more powerful than the two consuls. D. A group of men called the senate advised the consuls. Only patricians could become senators. 1. The plebeians (the lower class) had little authority. E. The plebeians rebelled in 494 B.C. 1. They withdrew from Rome and elected tribunes. F. The plebeians wanted more say in the affairs of Rome. They also wanted Rome’s unwritten laws to be made known to everybody. 1. In time, the plebeians and the patricians came to enjoy almost the same rights, including the right to veto. IV. The Romans had conquered the entire Italian Peninsula by 272 B.C. A. A rivalry developed between Carthage and Rome over the control of sea trade. 1. Rome and Carthage fought three wars, known as the Punic wars, between 264 B.C. and 146 B.C. 2. During the second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded Italy and threatened Rome. B. V. Hannibal was defeated in 202 B.C. by the Roman general Scipio at the battle of Zama, near Carthage. Carthage was destroyed in 146 B.C., after the third Punic War. 1. By this time, Rome controlled Macedonia, Greece, and some areas in southwestern Asia. 2. The Romans separated the land into selfgoverning provinces. Rome became a dictatorship. A. Conflicts between plebeians and patricians led to unrest in Rome. 1. Lucius Sulla became dictator in 82 B.C., after a civil war. B. After Sulla retired in 79 B.C., leaders such as Cicero and Pompey ruled as consuls. C. Julius Caesar returned to Rome from Gaul in 49 B.C. 1. He defeated his enemies in a civil war, and became dictator for ten years in 46 B.C. D. Caesar was declared dictator for life in 44 B.C., but was killed soon afterwards, on March 15, 44 B.C. 1. Civil war followed Caesar’s death. Section 2: The Empire expands Augustus became the ruler of Rome after Julius Caesar’s death. Augustus expanded the empire, and took Roman culture to different lands. I. Augustus took control of Rome. A. After Caesar’s death, Romans debated the merits of Caesar’s policies in the forums. B. Mark Antony, a Roman general, and Octavian, Julius Caesar’s grandnephew, seized control of Roman territory. 1. Antony claimed Syria, Egypt, and Asia Minor, while Octavian ruled the western lands of the empire. C. Antony and Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt, planned to establish their own empire. 1. Octavian declared war after hearing about this plan. 2. He defeated Antony at the battle of Actium in 31 B.C. 3. He now controlled all Roman lands. D. Octavian was given the title Augustus, meaning “holy one” or “respected one,” by the Roman senate in 27 B.C. E. Although in effect an emperor, Augustus never gave himself this title. 1. He believed he was serving the Roman Republic. www.leapfrog.com Code: SS73.08 © 2002 LeapFrog, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 2 of 4 Social Studies Harcourt Brace Harcourt Brace Social Studies: The World Chapter 8 Ancient Rome II. Augustus helped bring about a peaceful and prosperous period. A. Augustus was a strong ruler. 1. During his rule a Pax Romana, or Roman peace, spread throughout the empire. 2. The Pax Romana lasted from 27 B.C. until A.D. 180. B. He established laws that are still in practice today. 1. One such law held that a person was innocent until proven guilty. 2. Another held that no one should be forced to give evidence against himself or herself in a court of law. C. Augustus made changes in the government. 1. Top government jobs were given to carefully chosen people. 2. It was easier to become a Roman citizen. D. The Romans were the first to take a census. 1. The census helped ensure that all people paid their taxes. E. Augustus depended on the powerful Roman army to keep unity and peace in the empire. 1. The Roman army was divided into legions. F. The Romans built an excellent system of roads throughout the empire. 1. The roads made trade and travel easier, and helped unite the empire. III. Under Augustus, the city of Rome was greatly developed. A. Augustus wanted Rome to be a grand city. He wanted it to look like a great empire’s capital city. 1. Augustus built new libraries, temples, public baths, and large government offices called basilicas. 2. Romans constructed aqueducts to transport water. B. Greek culture heavily influenced Roman architecture. 1. Roman architects used Greek beams and columns in their buildings. C. The Romans built sports arenas and theaters. 1. The Colosseum, the largest arena, held 50,000 people. 2. Battles between gladiators were often held in the Colosseum. D. Some ancient Roman architecture survives today, but much of it has been destroyed by acid rain. IV. Literature, language, and the arts flourished in Rome. A. Greek culture influenced Roman sculptors and artists. 1. Greek writing styles were also copied. 2. The ideas of Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates were popular in Rome. B. C. Virgil wrote the Aeneid, an epic poem glorifying Rome. It made Romans feel more patriotic. The use of Latin spread throughout the empire, and helped unify the different peoples who lived in the empire. Section 3: The birth of Christianity Judaea, Christianity’s birthplace, was a part of the Roman Empire. I. Before Christianity, Romans believed in many different gods. A. Roman gods included Jupiter, Mars, and Ceres. B. Romans often adopted the beliefs and the gods of other conquered cultures in the empire. C. Religion was an important aspect of Roman life. 1. Although the Romans controlled religious practices in the empire, they allowed some groups, including the Jews, to follow their faiths. II. Jesus had many followers. A. Jesus was born in Bethlehem, a town in Judea. 1. His early life was spent in Nazareth. B. Jesus taught that there is one God. 1. He also taught belief in the Ten Commandments, as did other Jewish teachers. 2. He told people not to go against God’s will, and not to sin. C. Jesus used parables to explain his ideas. He gained new followers. 1. Many people believed that Jesus was in fact the messiah, somebody who would bring world peace. 2. Many reported that he performed miracles. D. Some Jewish leaders opposed Jesus’s ideas. They were upset that he and his disciples did not follow Jewish law strictly. III. Jesus’s teachings gradually began to spread throughout the Roman Empire. A. Roman leaders became concerned that Jesus’s teachings might disrupt life in the empire, or that Jesus might try to establish his own kingdom. 1. In about A.D. 30, Pontius Pilate ordered that Jesus be crucified. B. After Jesus’s death, his disciples told of his resurrection, and spread his teachings. 1. These stories were carried across the empire, bringing in new believers. www.leapfrog.com Code: SS73.08 © 2002 LeapFrog, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 3 of 4 Social Studies Harcourt Brace Harcourt Brace Social Studies: The World Chapter 8 Ancient Rome C. D. Jesus came to be called Jesus Christos, or Jesus Christ, after the Greek word for “messiah.” The twelve apostles, Jesus’s closest followers, were the first group to spread Jesus’s teachings. 1. The apostles Peter and Paul were important teachers of Christianity. IV. Romans began to persecute Christians. A. Roman leaders became concerned as Christianity spread. 1. They thought their own gods were angry because Christians didn't worship them. B. The Romans killed many Christians. C. Roman persecution only strengthened the Christians in their beliefs. 1. Many Christians became martyrs, willing to die for their beliefs. D. The Gospels and the New Testament (an addition to the Old Testament) helped Christianity grow. V. A. B. C. D. E. Constantine shifted his capital to Byzantium, which was renamed Constantinople in A.D. 330. Many people left Rome, now that it was no longer the capital. Rome, however, remained the Christian Church’s headquarters. The Roman Empire split into eastern and western halves. 1. The eastern empire would keep the Roman way of life alive for many centuries. 2. The western empire split into small kingdoms. Christianity grew rapidly, and spread far beyond the Roman Empire. Constantine, a prominent Roman general, accepted Christianity. A. The Roman Empire was becoming weaker. 1. There was not enough money to run the empire, despite increased taxes. 2. Outsiders attacked different parts of the empire. B. Rome had many weak emperors between A.D. 180 and A.D. 312. 1. The empire was now so large that people in the provinces did not feel that they were a part of it. 2. Civil wars broke out as Roman generals fought amongst themselves for power. C. The army of Constantine, a Roman general, was about to fight the army of another Roman general in A.D. 312. Both generals wanted to become emperor. 1. Just before the battle, Constantine, although not a Christian, saw the letters chi rho, the Greek letters for “Christ,” in the sky. 2. Constantine’s army won the battle, and Constantine became a supporter of Christianity. D. Christianity became an accepted religion after the Edict of Milan was passed in A.D. 313. 1. In the same century, Christianity became the Roman Empire’s official religion. VI. By around 330, the Roman Empire began to decline. www.leapfrog.com Code: SS73.08 © 2002 LeapFrog, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Page 4 of 4