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Transcript
NROSCI/BIOSC 1070 MSNBIO 2070 September 12, 2016 Control 2 Functions of Hormones Hormones act on their target cells in one of three basic ways: 1. Control the rate of enzymatic reactions 2. Control transport of molecules across cell membranes 3. Control gene expression and synthesis Types of Hormones Peptides Amino Acids Steroids Divisions of Pituitary Anterior pituitary (also called adenohypophysis) True glandular tissue Posterior pituitary (also called neurohypophysis) Extension of brain Hypothalamic-Hypophyseal Portal System Tropic Hormones — Control the Release of Other Hormones Ultra Short Loop Feedback Short Loop Feedback Long Loop Feedback Anterior End Products Pituitary Hormones Regulate areTropic Tropic Hormone Hormones Secretion Anterior Pituitary Hormones Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormone Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Target Thyroid gland Major Actions in Humans Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones Ovary Stimulates growth of follicles and estrogen secretion Testis Acts on Sertoli cells to promote maturation of sperm Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Ovary Luteinizing hormone (LH) Testis Growth hormone (GH) Prolactin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) b-lipotropin, b-endorphin Stimulates ovulation of ripe follicle and formation of corpus luteum; stimulates estrogen and progesterone synthesis by corpus luteum Stimulates interstitial cells of Leydig to synthesize and secrete testosterone Promotes growth in stature and mass; stimulates production of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I); stimulates protein synthesis No Known Tropic Mammary glands Promotes milk secretion and mammillary growth Role Most tissues Adrenal Cortex ? Promotes synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones Physiologic role not established Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) POMC is cleaved within a vesicle to form ACTH, -Endorphin, LPH, and 16K fragment Hypophysiotropic Hormones: Control Anterior Pituitary Secretions Others likely exist, but have not been discovered because of their low concentrations in blood What happens if feedback mechanisms are dysfunctional? Tumors can produce large amounts of hormones without feedback regulation Autoimmune diseases can damage receptors on hormone-secreting cells, so they no longer respond to tropic hormones Intracellular signal transduction pathways can become aberrantly altered, thereby affecting how hormone-producing cells respond to tropic hormones. Posterior Pituitary Hormones Arginine Vasopressin Named as such because the first vasopressin discovered was from pig; this hormone has a lysine instead of arginine as residue 8 Produces vasoconstriction when present in high concentrations (hence the name) Affects water reabsorption in kidney at lower concentrations, hence the secondary name: antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin Triggers uterine contractions during birthing Triggers milk release from mammary glands during suckling May have roles in cardiovascular control and renal function (men and women who are not of child-bearing age also synthesize oxytocin) Posterior Pituitary Hormones Posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized by neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus These hormones are released like neurotransmitters when the neurons fire The release of the hormones is dependent on the number of neurons that fire and the rate and duration of their firing Examples of Some Hormones Hormon e ErythroEpinGastrin poietin ephrine Insulin TestosAldosterone terone LH Where Produce d Tubular epithelial G cells of Adrenal Islets of cells of Leydig stomach medulla LangerKidney Cells of Adrenal hans Testis cortex Anterior (mainly) Pituitary Effect Stimu-lation Stimulates Enhances Leydig cells of of Stimulation glucose Many effects Stimulates acid Promotes testis red bloodtocell transport mediated by secretion by reabsorption synthesize &of production by Production many binding to +tissues; stomach Na and release bone marrow maintenance of receptors increases excretion of K+ testosterone; male sexual glucose by tubular stimulates characteristics metabolism epithelial cells of estrogen &and storage kidney progesterone secretion by corpus luteum; stimulates ovulation Peptides and High plasma Sympathetic amino acids glucose Hypoxia of nervous in stomach; levels, tubular system enteric epithelial cells hormone influences on+ LH from Increased K nervous Adrenal GIP,from anterior in plasma, GnRH system medulla parasympituitary Angiotensin Hypo- II pathetic thalamus activity Inhibition Somatostatin and None SympaNone low pH in TestosIncreased thetic stomach terone, None Na+ in activity estrogen, plasma progesterone, Inhibin