Download Sociology 2001 Exam 1 Notes 02/24/2014

Sociology 2001 Exam 1 Notes
02/24/2014
Chapter 1: SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
Sociology
Systematic study of social interaction at a variety of levels. (Individual and macro level) How society helps influence and construct our personalities and behavior. Sociological Imagination
C. Wright Mills
Ability to see the connection between individual lives and larger social influences. We look at the social situations through 2 lenses
Microsociology
Study of human behavior in contexts of face to face interactions. Individuals interacting with friends, siblings, families, etc. Small scale patterns of social interaction. Macrosociology
Study of large scale groups, organizations, or social systems. Characterize society as a whole. How would each of these situations be both micro and macro? Divorce: two people that don’t agree with each other (micro), other outside factors, job loss, etc. (macro)
Unemployment: micro: lazy, get fired. Macro: the economy, a recession, people wanting to work but not being able to. Origins
Theory
Statements that explains why a phenomenon occurs. Help us analyze findings, produce knowledge, offer solutions to social problems, they can change over time and based on empirical information which is info based on observations or experiences. Auguste Comte
The father of sociology. Believed that the study of society should be empirical, should be based on observations rather than ideology or tuition. (Info that we can study and research)
Emile Durkheim
Social facts
How we can be impacted by our demographics. Social solidarity
Cohesion and harmony, social order. Division of labor
Karl Marx
Capitalists
People who own the means of production (wealthy)
Petite bourgeoisie
Middle class, small business owners. Proletariat
Masses of workers who depend on wages to survive and have very few resources. Class Conflict
Between the three classes above. Difference between the haves and have nots (people who have the wealth and resources and people who do not.) Alienation
Since they don’t own the means of production, then they aren’t meaningful and have this feeling of alienation. Max Weber
Verstehen
Subjective understanding which requires knowledge of how people are living (their background)? Not judging people on their race, etc, looking at each individual based on their own situation. (through their own shoes)
Value­free sociology
Separating your own personal values, opinions and beliefs from scientific research, (data and facts). Theories
1. Functionalism
system of interdependent parts that work together to ensure that a society is functioning or will survive. 2 types
Manifest functions
intended and recognized functions of any interactions. Cell phone: communication Education: to learn
Latent functions: Unintended and unrecognized. Cell phone: instagram, facebook, games
Education: matchmaking, social relationships
2. Conflict
Examines how groups struggle over power and compete for scarce resources. Founder of this approach is Karl Marx, predicted conflict would result from widespread economic inequality. Helps keep society functioning because everyone wants to be successful. This approach would look at where you came from for who well you may have succeeded/failed a class. 3. Feminist
explain the social, economic, and political position of women in society. Women suffer injustice because of their sex. In what ways do women have less power in our society? Some earn less money than men in a corporate situation, can’t be priests, etc. 4. Symbolic Interactionism
emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction. U.S.­ display our flag as a symbol of pride. This approach would ask a student why they failed a class. Jan 27, 2013
Scientific method: procedure to acquire knowledge. Research Process
1. Choose topic
2. Summarize related research
3. Hypothesis
4. Describe research design
5. Collect Data
6. Present Findings
7. Analyze/explain results
Variable
One of two or more phenomena that a researcher believes are related. Examples: age, ethnicity, gender, social class
How does divorce affect children? (age, social class, etc)
Reliability­ consistency. Repeated measures. Getting the same results each time. Validity­ accuracy of the questions or the measurement tool. Survey of undergrads but only ask sophomore class, this is not valid. Data Collection Which method should we use? Qualitative Ethnography: studying people in their own environment in order to understand their activities
Field notes: to describe activities and interactions. Interviews: direct, face to face contact with respondents
Closed­ended imposes a limit on the possible responses. “Are you against…?” Use this to save time. To receive more candid responses. Open­ended questions allows the answer to take whatever form the respondent chooses. “What do you believe…?” Interviews
Advantages
Speak in own words
More in­depth analysis
Disadvantages
Not always truthful
Representativeness Whether or not conclusions you find can be applied to other truths. Quantitative Surveys
Based on questionnaires from a sample of respondents. Advantages
Large populations
Quick and economical
Strong reliability
Confidential
Disadvantages
No full range of expression
Weak validity
Some respondents may not be honest in their self reports, might just fill out survey to get it over with. Secondary Analysis: data collection that examines infor collected from someone else
Advantages
Accessible
Learn from the past
Inexpensive
Disadvantage
Lack of data
Experiments: controlled setting to test specific variables
Advantages
Manipulate data Replicability Disadvantages
Artificial setting. The subjects might behave differently. They may know they are being studied so they won’t behave naturally. Ethics: 3 rules: Do not harm
Informed consent: knowing what study is about and how results will be used
Confidentiality: subject remains anonymous. IRB: Institutional Review Board
Scholars within a university who meet regularly to review and approve the research proposals of their colleagues. Laud Humphreys and the Tearoom Trade
Ethnography “WatchQueen” IRB
Results: 54% married, 38% neither bisexual or homosexual, 14% part of the gay community. ** Video clip
the people that did not agree to a survey he followed and took note of their license plate numbers. (UNETHICAL) went to the police station to get their addresses and showed up at their homes. He should have gotten approval from the institutional review board and then it would be considered ethical if he identified himself as a researcher instead of being disguised, etc. Occurred in the 1960’s before IRB were in existence. Chapter 3: Culture
Superbowl coca­cola commercial
Gay couple with a daughter
Sung in different languages
Very controversial, some boycotting. EXAM 1,2,3,4, SCHEDULE IT NOW
Culture is ways of thinking that is learned and shared. Passed down. In America, do we have a national language? NO. Culture is seen in weddings, holidays, sports, etc. Ethnocentrism
Assumption that one’s own way of life is superior to all others. Certain cultures eat foods that America does not see acceptable. Ethnocentric attitudes we see in the South
Hospitality, food, festival, Mardi Gras, “Southern women are pretty” Consumer Society
Consumption is a mass phenomenon among people of diverse income categories. Fashion, shopping, cars, cell phones, technology, etc. Material
Any physical object that we can give social meaning to. Nike shorts­ sorority trends
Nonmaterial
Shared sets of meanings (ideas/beliefs) Symbols
Anything that meaningfully represents something else. It can also divide a society (confederate flag) Dove­ peace
Rose­ love
“Hook Em Horns” hand symbol is also same symbol to Italians means your spouse is unfaithful. Language
Shared symbols that enables people to communicate. Most powerful of all human symbols
Values
Standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad
Achievement and success
Activity and work
Morality
Humanitarianism
Efficiency
Equality
Individuality Norms
Society’s specific rules of right and wrong behavior. Types
Folkways: not critical but still makes people uncomfortable (not brushing teeth, elevator) Mores: very important (adult having sex with a child, cheating on your partner) Laws : most rigid type Norms that are defined and enforced by a political authority
Stealing, murder, etc. Sanctions
Rewards for appropriate behavior and penalties for inappropriate behavior. Ex: spanking, know examples of negative and positive sanctions! Subculture
Share beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart from the dominant culture
Countercultures
Objects dominant values and norms and seeks alternative lifestyles
Gangs, hippies, white supremacist, the omish
Multiculturalism
Equal representation to the contributions of all the groups
Example: United States
Also referred to culture pluralism (in textbook) Culture Shock
A sense of confusion that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar environment. Chapter 6: Socialization
What is socialization? Social experience by which people learn the expectations of society
We are all born with a clean slate and different agents of socialization impact what we are
Internalization The process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that we accept them without question. Example: religion is accepted from a young age until we get older and start to question it and make our own beliefs. Personality
Consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling
Why is socialization important? We would be lost if we grew up in isolation. We would not know how to take care of ourselves. TABLE 4.1 Nature vs. Nurture
Nature: our behavioral traits can be explained by genetics
Nurture: sociologists side, human behavior is learned and shaped by our actions. Not all by instincts and DNA. Conclusion
Both are important
Sociologists maintain nurture is more significant. Culture helps shape our biological traits according to sociologists. Symbolic Interactionist Theories: Charles Cooley
Looking glass self­ self image is derived from the perceptions of others. 1. Perception
we imagine how we appear to others
2. Interpretation
imagine how other people are judging us
3. Response
experiencing those self feelings based on how other people think of us. Directly related to self­awareness. George Herbert Mead
Looked at how the self develops
Self composed of the “I” and the “me”
I
Unique traits, spontaneous and active side. Child or toddler trying to eat as much food as possible
** who we truly are
Me
How others see us, we think of ourselves as others see us. When we are young we don’t think about what is appropriate behavior or not. ** how we act b/c of social roles around us. Mead says these two components are inseparable. Example: how we behave when we are home alone vs. around other people. Role Taking: 3 stages
Preparatory stage (up to 21)
Imitate the people around them. Play stage (age 2­6)
Acting out imagined roles­ taking the role of the other. Game stage (6+)
Understand not only their own social position but also positions of others. Erving Goffman: Dramaturgy
Analyzing social life as a theater
Impression management­ presenting ourselves in a favorable light. Downplaying less negative characteristics that we might have. ** scrubs clip. Agents of Socialization
Persons, groups, or institutions that teach us how to participate in society. 1. Family
Most important
Primary source of emotional support
They teach us our social identity. 2. Teachers/ School
self fulfilling prophecy
In an upper class background, many will rise to the occasion and succeed. Believe you will do well, probably will do well. (You will get an A on this exam, you are smart…etc.) What is expected of you. transmits knowledge
3. Peer group
common interests and usually similar age. High risks behaviors
Drugs and alchohol. Where we learn to adopt these actions
4. Mass Media
more time using than in the classroom. Most significant form of socialization, many are starting to wonder if mass media is surpassing functions that we get from our family. By the time most children graduate, spend more time with mass media then they will in the classroom. **pg. 79­ re­socialization—one r two questions about this! Read in textbook for exam. Brad Paisley­ Online­ music video for writing assignment 2. Chapter 6: Social Groups
People who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact. Examples: family, friends, sorority members, athletic teams. It is what causes groups to function, language is a vital part of this culture and what binds us together. Two types of social groups: Primary: Face to face interaction, emotional satisfaction, deeper feelings. Family, close friends who stick with us through bad times. Responsible for most of our socialization
Secondary: Larger, less intimate
Specific goal, often temporary. Example: LSU football team, classmates. * the following are social groups, which one is a secondary? Group dynamics
Dyads: smallest possible social group (2 people) Triads: 3 people. Less stable with the addition of a 3 rd member because conversation is less stable and may change. In group: identifies with and feels loyalty towards
Out group: feels opposition or hostility towards (Alabama fans) Can be based on discriminations, prejudices, gender, race. Reference: group that provides standard of comparison
Don’t have to be members of the reference group! A group of nursing students might have a reference group of working nurses. Our family: try to live up to standards of parents and older siblings. (They are a reference to judge our own standards and accomplishments) Social Network
Web of social ties that links individuals to others. Facebook is the most popular currently. Group conformity
Influence of ones group on attitudes and behaviors. Elevator clip.. conforms to face the same way as everyone else. 2 studies
1. Solomon Asch: Figure 6.1: cards. Found that people will go against their judgment and say the wrong answer if everyone else says the wrong answer, even if we don’t believe what the group is saying. Cards: the lines which one matches the line? He conformed and said the wrong answer like all of the actors. 2. Stanley Milgram
Obedience to authority. E: experiment
T: Teacher (gives the learner the shock) L: learner. (receives shock) Punishment is the electric shock. People are willing to inflict pain on others just because they are obeying an authority figure. McDonaldization of Society
1. Efficiency: quick
choosing the most effective means to an end. So, ordering by number. Optimum method of completing the task. The fastest way to get from hungry to full. 2. Calculability: size and cost. Quantity is just as good as quality. 3. Predictability: same every location. 4. Control: limited menus
exerting influence, seating uncomfortable, sign to get you in there and leave as quick as possible. The man behind this idea is George Ritzer (read about it in the textbook) Example exam question: Bill is a sociologist who studies poverty and understands that an individuals poverty status is the result of larger economic situations and unemployment rates in the local community rather than the individuals personal problem. Bill is utilizing his: Macrosociology
Microsociology
Research methodology
Common sense
Sociological imagination – correct answer Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
02/24/2014
Open Notes exam: official sheet of paper­ can write notes on front and back and bring to testing center. ** Movie: Blow
Theoretical Explanations of Crime and Deviance
Why criminal groups might behave deviantly Robert Merton
Strain theory
People engage in deviance when there is a strain between the goals and the means
Example: Social inequality and poverty. They want to achieve the goals and means society says is good. Merton’s Modes
Conformist (not deviant)­ accept goals and means
Innovator­ accept goals but reject means Person that may cheat on exam, lie on a resume, sell drugs, they want to be successful but through illegitimate means. Ritualist­ reject goals but accept means
May lesson their aspirations of success where the goals are then more practically attainable. May realize they will never be successful but still going to work hard. (Wal­Mart cashier, telemarketer) Retreatist­ reject goals and means. Don’t care about being wealthy. (drop­out, alcoholic) this person has given up. Renounce obedience to culture norms and goals (homeless person) Rebellion­ replace goals and means
(Modes of adaptation (Figure 7.1)) Differential Associations Theory
People learn deviance through association with deviant peers. Broken Windows Theory
Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
02/24/2014
People are more likely to commit greater crimes if they get away with the first offense. One act (selling weed) could lead to greater acts of deviance (selling cocaine) Philip Zimbardo did this study. Arranged a set up (smashed cars) one act lead to more acts of violence and crime. Labeling Theory
Deviance is consequence of external judgments that modify a persons self­concept and change the way we respond. Hurricane Katrina
People looking for food and water trying to survive, two different news stories. White people are finding food. Black person is “looting” What is deviance?
Any behavior (drinking too much) belief (Goths), or situation (unwed mother) that violates social norms
Just examples
Who defines deviance?
Social situations and social structure
(relative) varies from place to place, time to time, and from group to group. (what is acceptable at football games and what is acceptable at church)
Crime
Violation of law that is punishable with fines, jail, and other sanctions. Sociologists who study crime are considered criminologists. Crime rates in the US
Have DECREASED since the 1990’s
Social Control
Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
02/24/2014
Certain techniques and strategies that regulate behavior
Could be positive (smiling) or negative (frowns, getting fines)
Purpose is to eliminate or at least reduce criminal behavior. Punishment
To deprive a person of things and value
4 major goals…
Retribution
Premise that punishment should fit the crime (an eye for an eye) (paying your debt to society) Deterrence Instilling a fear of punishment
Example: 1998 loss of federal financial aid for a first time charge for possession of marijuana
Over 200,000 students lost access to government issue student loans just because of this misdemeanor! In 2009, act passed….. only those convicted of drug distribution will lose their fed. Financial aid. From gov. Rehabilitation
Reforming the offender to prevent later offenses
In this type of punishment you are actually treated and return to society when “cured” Get the convicted back to a productive place
Societal protection
Unable to commit additional crimes Functionalist
Deviance and crime are normal parts of the social structure
Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
02/24/2014
Help affirm cultural values and norms. Reminds people what is considered right and wrong in society. Emile Durkheim
“There is nothing abnormal about deviance” Without evil there can be no good. Deviance can also help bring people together and encourage social change. Example: after 9/11, Americans came together to create social unity. Introduced the term “anomie” (normlessness) Condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms. How functionalists relate to people that engage in crime. *shawshank redemption (brooks was here) clip. Conflict (approach)
Focus: “why do some individuals commit crimes and others do not?”
Powerful groups control the law
Cyber crime
Illegal activities conducted online
Corporate crime Illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf
Organized crime
Business supplying illegal goods or services for profit. Victimless crime
Exchange of illegal good or services among adults (prostitution, illegal gambling, marijuana) Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
02/24/2014
Recidivists
Previous offenders who commit new crimes. (after serve their time, get out and commit same crime over and over again) keep on getting arrested for the same crime. Relates to idea of labeling theory (internalize label of being a criminal so continue to behave that way) The movie Blow is an example of this. Sample EXAM QUESTIONS
According to Merton’s structural strain theory, an individual who deals drugs in order to get rich would be called a/an:
Conformist
Innovator Ritualist
Retreatist A student, continually told he is stupid and will never amout to anything and eventually drops out of school is an example of:
Labeling theory
The idea that if a punishment is too severe then people won’t commit the crime is related to:
Rehabilitation
Retribution
Incapacitation
Deterrence
Chapter 8: Social Stratification What is social stratification? Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
02/24/2014
Hierarchical ranking of people who have different access to resources
When we play monopoly, starts off with even playing field. Everyone does not start on an equal playing field in real life. Objective: “To become the wealthiest player through buying, renting and selling property” Two types of stratification systems
Open system: individual achievement
Closed system: limited by ascribed statuses (something you can’t change, skin color, age, etc)
Caste: based on heredity
There is one in India (The Untouchables (Dalit))
So low that people do not even want to touch them. People cleaning the streets, no opportunity to advance because born in this system. To what extent is mobility possible in the United States? Video: wealth inequality in America 3 different dimensions of social stratification
Wealth: net worth; includes property and income
Prestige: respect attached to social positions (occupation, family background) usually pay more, often autonomous, seen as more socially important
a professor may be considered a prestigious position but does not mean they are making a lot of money
on the other hand you can have a low prestiged job and still have a lot of wealth (a drug dealer) because you still make a lot of money. Power: ability to achieve goals or maintain influence. Power elite: coined by C Wright Mills, small group of white men who make important decisions in our society (the laws, national political leaders) continue to dominate much of American economy. 5 social classes
upper
Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
02/24/2014
middle
working (often no college education) lower
underclass (most African Am.) Culture of Poverty: subculture of attitudes that future children are socialized into, perpetuating their ability to escape poverty. (parents don’t work, kids see this as “just how it is and what I am supposed to do” so no motivation to work hard.) Socioeconomic Status (SES): Measurement of person’s rank within class system. Consequences­ Life Chances
Extent to which we are able to have positive experiences Health: Higher social class= greater life expectancy (money=better health care=healthier)
Family
More money=better child’s talents
Education
Quality of teachers/limited opportunities Poverty line for a family of 4: $22,113 Can’t have access to governmental assistance program if you are over this number. 44 percent of the people are…
Two types of poverty: Absolute poverty
Can’t afford basic necessities
Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
02/24/2014
Relative poverty
Can’t maintain avg. standard of living
Horizontal mobility
Moving from positions at same class level
Vertical mobility
Moving up and down class hierarchy (going to school is supposed to help you move up the ladder) (not going to work or school makes you move down)
Intragenerational mobility
The course of your life. The extent to which you move up or down. Intergenerational mobility
Extent to which you move up or down from family. (better or worse off in their family)
Sample EXAM QUESTION
Nick was a legal secretary. Decided to continue his schooling and earn his law degree. Nick is now a criminal attorney. What has Nick experienced? Vertical mobility. Davis­ Moore Thesis
1. Every society must fill important positions
2. Some positions more important than others
3. Most qualified must fill most important
4. Society must offer greater rewards to motivate most qualified to fill the most important positions. * trash guy has just as much importance as a college professor. Adultolescents: grown up children who depend on their parents for support between the ages of 25 and 34, there are over 4 million people in that age bracket that live with their parents. These are mostly college graduates. 3/10/14
Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
Average American woman: 5’4’’ 140 lbs.
Average American model: 5’11’’’ 117 lbs.
At a young age children are taught that physical appearance is rewarded
More men are reporting body dissatisfaction than a decade ago (they want more muscles)
Heightism on Twitter?
The prejudice based on height
Mostly faced by men
Short guys are hated on
Average male is 5’9’’
Inequality
Pay gap: income difference between males and females
The more education they have the bigger the pay gap is
Income
Women earn 79 cents to every $1 of a man’s wage
Women in their 20s without children out­earn men by as much as $1.08 to every dollar
Reasons for gap
1. Type of careers women choose
2. Family responsibilities
3. Discrimination glass ceiling
invisible lid on women’s climb up employment ladder (also faced by minority men)
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Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
02/24/2014
sexual orientation
asexual­ lack interest in sex
theoretical analysis
Talcott Parsons (Functionalism)
Husband­ instrumental tasks of economic support and making decisions
Wife­ expressive tasks of providing affection and emotional support
Conflict
Benefits men socially/economically and disadvantages women
Feminism
1. Valued equally
2. Women more control over their lives
3. Inequality can be remedied by changing everyday attitudes in our social institutions
liberal feminism
seeks change only to ensure equal opportunity of both sexes
radical feminism
end to the family system
gender­free society
multiracial feminism
socialist economy for equal pay and rights to women (and minority men) also based on class
MISSING WEDNESDAY NOTES.
Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
02/24/2014
Monday, March 17th
Scapegoat Theory
Prejudice toward group in order to “vent” their anger
Essence use group they dislike to target frustrations
Prejudice stems from people who themselves are already disadvantaged. Authoritarian Personality Theory
Prejudice is a personality trait in some individuals
Supported by research that says people that have some intolerance against one minority are often have intolerance against all minorities. Culture Theory
Culture has taught us to view people as “better” or “worse” than others. Child taught at a young age to marry someone of their same ethnic or social group
Conflict theory
Prejudice used as a tool to oppress others. Powerful people use prejudice to justify others. Functionalist
Assimilation: minorities gradually become absorbed in dominant culture
Pluralism: all races are distinct but have equal social standing. Aka multiculturalism. Encourages cultural distinctiveness. Segregation: physical and social separation of people. Can be done by gender, class, religion, etc. Enforces separation that will harm minority members. Symbolic Interactionist Approach
Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
02/24/2014
Contact hypothesis
In cooperative circumstances interracial contact between people equal status will reduce prejudice. Genocide
Deliberate, systematic killing of racial/ethnic group. Holocaust, Americans against Indians. Latino
Largest U.S. minority
Most live in SW
16 % of the population. African Americans
13 %
significant gains since 1960 but…
some still disadvantaged today. Still experience high rates of poverty, median income of Af. Americans is the lowest of all racial and ethnic groups. American Indians
Concentrated in the SW (1.6 %)
Most disadvantaged
Asian Americans
5%
“model minority”
high income/education
Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
success educationally and financially. Middle Eastern Americans
Most are Muslim
Tend to be better educated and wealthier than other Americans. ** encouraged to read sections of all different racial and ethnic groups for exam. Chapter 5: Social Interaction and Structure
Social Interaction
Process by which we act toward and react to people around us. Idea that people help influence other people’s behaviors. Social Structure
Pattern of behavior that governs people’s relationships. What makes life orderly and predictable. Status
Position in social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations. Status: student, set of expectations that accompanies this status. Status Set
Collection of social statuses that a person occupies. Adult female could be a mother, spouse, teacher, etc. Reactions must different in different roles (mother status vs. at job status)
An ascribed status: inborn status (race)
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Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
02/24/2014
Attributes you have little control over. An achieved status: position that we earn (athlete, college student) Not always a status you want to attain (drug addict)
Master Status
Overrides all others in our identities. Usually your occupation. Person in a wheelchair is stigmatized, overrides all other statuses. Status inconsistency
Occupying social positions that create conflict because of their ranking. May enjoy being friendly with students but have to maintain distance to evaluate fairly. Role
Behaviors expected of a person in a particular status. Role set
Different roles attached to a single status. Role conflict
Two or more roles conflict with one another. Frustration or uncertainty person may experience when confronted with two or more statuses. Role strain
Demands among roles within a single status. Chart (picture in book?)
Self­fulfilling prophecy
Thomas Theorem
“If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.”
Sociology 2001 Exam 2 Notes Chp. 5,7,8,9,10 (open note sheet exam)
02/24/2014
Social Exchange Theory
Maximizing rewards and minimizing costs
Most satisfying when there is some balance between our interactions with each other. ** big bang theory. Example that will show up on exam. Penny’s Christmas gift to Sheldon. Online communication
80% of adult Americans use the internet. Where is the biggest divide between online communication is among social classes. Look at bicture with percentage who use the internet. Sample Exam question
Andrea is an aspiring associate editor for a major publisher. She is single but feels “married to her work” Last year she received a $50,000 bonus for the excellent work she did in promoting new textbooks published by her employer. Based on this info, Andrea’s ascribed status is_____ And her achieved status is______? Female; associate editor. 02/24/2014