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More about the atomic number Each element in the Periodic Table has its own atomic number. The atomic number is important it gives the number of protons in an atom of an element. Since atoms are neutral and the charge on an electron is equal and opposite to the charge on a proton, the atomic number also gives the number of electrons in an atom. An element can be defined as a collection of atoms all with the same atomic number or the same number of protons. What information is given by the atomic number of an element? REFER TO A PERIODIC TABLE. Complete the following table. Element Atomic number Number of protons Number of electrons carbon hydrogen magnesium 7 20 11 Chemical Changes and Structure Atomic structure 2