* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Operant Conditioning
Survey
Document related concepts
Attribution (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Applied behavior analysis wikipedia , lookup
Descriptive psychology wikipedia , lookup
Verbal Behavior wikipedia , lookup
Parent management training wikipedia , lookup
Adherence management coaching wikipedia , lookup
Behavior analysis of child development wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
The Morals of Chess wikipedia , lookup
Insufficient justification wikipedia , lookup
Behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
04.02 Reinforcement: You deserve a cookie Objectives: After completing this lesson, you will be able to: Compare and contrast the principles of operant and classical conditioning. Differentiate between reinforcement and punishment. Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning - Conditioning that results from actions and consequences resulted from the actions. B.F. Skinner - A psychologist best known for his work with operant conditioning. Operant Box - A chamber (also called the Skinner box) containing a bar that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer with attached devices to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing. Classical and Operant Conditioning Terms Generalization The tendency for similar stimuli to elicit similar response (after the response has been conditioned.) Example: Baby Sophia has a dog and calls him "Spot." Each time she sees a dog, she will call the dog "Spot," as she cannot make the distinction between her dog and the other dogs. Discrimination The ability to tell the difference between two like events or objects (the reverse of generalization). Example: Karen, a two-year-old calls all men "Dada." When Karen does not receive any positive reinforcement for using this name with all men, she learns to only use this name for her own daddy. Extinction When a response is no longer followed by reinforcement, the person or animal will lose the association between the two. Example: When Betsy’s mom is about to leave, she carries her purse. Betsy would always begin to cry. Betsy’s mom no longer carries a purse when she leaves the house. When Betsy’s mom goes to leave, Betsy is not aware and does not cry. Shaping Successive reinforcement that gradually and successively reinforces a desired outcome. Example: When teaching a child to play golf, first set up a hula hoop on the floor. Use a large ball so the child builds confidence to play the sport. This is reinforced by positive praise or by a favorite treat. Next, the child is reinforced for getting the small ball into the hoop. The hoop gets smaller and smaller coupled with praise and/or a favorite snack. This process continues until the child can use a golf club and a golf ball on a golf course. Chaining Reinforcement by connecting different parts of the sequence. Examples: When you learn a dance, you learn each step, one at a time; the gradual and successive mastery of each step will eventually lead into a dance (the desired outcome). Seeing-eye dogs are also excellent examples of what chaining and shaping can produce, as the dogs can find curbs, doors, and holes that the owner may trip into or any other thing the owner may need to "see" for themselves. Most learning does not occur in a classical stimulus-response sequence; it is usually the result of a voluntary action taken by the learner. This type of learning is called operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is attributed to a psychologist named B.F. Skinner. Skinner is also known for his operant box experiment. In classical conditioning, there is an automatic response trained with a neutral stimulus whereas operant conditioning relies upon the organism (person, animal, etc) who is involved. Example of Classical Conditioning You are walking from your room to the kitchen when your mom sneaks up behind you and shoves a strawberry (which you normally like) into your mouth while talking into your ear about something that makes you nauseous. After running into your mom like this several times, you will begin to dislike strawberries. You have been classically conditioned to not like strawberries as they are paired with an unpleasant thought. Example of Operant Conditioning You usually write your first name only on school papers. Your teacher now requires everyone to print their first and last name on papers or she will not grade them. After getting no grade on a paper you learn to write your full name. You have been operantly conditioned to write your full name. Reinforcement Have you ever received a reward? A reward can be a trophy, a candy bar, even a sticker on your homework. The reason the reward was given was to reward your hard work and to elicit (elicit -> to call forth or draw out.) the same behavior again. If you were to study really hard, earn a perfect score on your psychology test, but then receive a mean note from your teacher, you may lose the desire to do well on your psychology tests. However, if your grandmother promises you money for your perfect score, you will tend to repeat these actions and strive for perfect scores on all of your tests. Can you think of times in your life that you were rewarded for something? Reinforcement is the most important part of operant conditioning. If every time Polly the bird speaks his owner gives him a cracker, the bird is going to want to speak again to earn another cracker. If the voluntary response (talking) is followed by reinforcement (cracker), the same voluntary response is likely to occur again. So, since Polly does want a cracker, she will talk again. One type of reinforcement is called primary reinforcement (Primary Reinforcement Something necessary for psychological/physical survival that is used as a reward. Examples include love, food, water, and shelter.) . The most important would be food, water, and shelter— the basics we all need for survival. The possibility of earning one of these when you perform an action is the greatest incentive (Incentive Something that motivates.) to learn. While we cannot live without water, food, and shelter, we do have a desire for other items in our world. One of the biggest motivators in the world is money. Many people would do some pretty insane things for money. Since you cannot eat or drink money, it is known as a secondary reinforcement (Secondary Reinforcement Anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer. One example is money. Since money can buy food, it represents a primary reinforcer. All secondary reinforcers are used to represent primary ones. For example, you work for a paycheck (money) to purchase the groceries you need to survive. Positive and Negative Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Strengthening the possibility to repeat a response by following it with something that is pleasant. Negative Reinforcement Strengthening a response by following it with taking away or avoiding something unpleasant. Punishment The process of weakening a response by imposing unpleasant consequences. We have spoken about reinforcement, but what exactly is reinforcement? Reinforcement can be positive or negative and as you have read, it is the most important ingredient in operant conditioning. Positive Reinforcement: Studying for a test and earning an "A" will most likely send the message that studying is the best way to earn an "A" on a test. Negative Reinforcement: John, a high school junior, has the chore of taking out the recycling. Each and every night when his mom nags on and on about the recycling, John finally gets the chore completed. His mom’s nagging is the negative reinforcer as it strengthens a response (taking out the recycling). Remember, the reinforcer strengthens the connection between the behavior and the reward. Try not to think of negative reinforcement as punishment. Many students confuse negative reinforcement with punishment. The key factor with punishment is that the purpose is to weaken the response, not to reinforce it. Here are some additional examples of negative reinforcement and punishment: Elijah has received several parking tickets. Now, he is extra careful to read the signs before parking and depositing enough money into his meter to avoid the tickets. The parking tickets (reinforcer) strengthens the response of reading signs and depositing money into the meter. (Negative reinforcement) Billy, a high school senior, is planning his senior trip. His parents have been clear that he will not be able to go on the trip if he earns any detentions for not making it to school on time. When Billy’s mom finds out Billy got a detention, Billy is no longer allowed on the senior trip. Something that Billy desired was taken away. (This is actually punishment, not negative reinforcement.) It can also be taken a step further and something unwanted can be added in. Jasmine, a high school sophomore, takes the bus to school. She was warned by the bus driver not to talk on her cell phone while she is on the bus. After the second time the bus driver told her to put her phone away, the driver took her phone away (punishment) and required her to write a two page essay on why it is not safe to talk on the phone while on a school bus (adding in something unwanted.) (Punishment) The key here is: punishment can be positive punishment (giving something unwanted to decrease a behavior) or negative punishment (taking something wanted or desired away to decrease a behavior). Negative reinforcement is increasing a behavior, usually by taking away something unpleasant or unwanted such as taking aspirin each time to relieve a headache or putting on a coat each time it’s cold outside. Check out the chart below to help you understand better the difference between reinforcement and punishment, both negative and positive. Positive ( add something…) Reinforcement (increase a behavior) Punishment (decrease a behavior) + R = Add something GOOD to increase a behavior + P = Add something BAD to decrease a behavior Negative (take away something…) - R = Take away something BAD to increase a behavior - P = Take away something GOOD to increase a behavior Assessment 04.02 Conditioning and Reinforcement 1. 2. Complete the reading for this lesson. Access and take the "04.02 Conditioning and Reinforcement" quiz. Quiz Preparation and Study: 1. ___________________ is the founder of classical conditioning. 2. ___________________ is the founder of the removal of phobias. 3. ___________________ believed that people as well as rats could be emotionally conditioned. 4. ___________________ is the founder of Operant Conditioning. 5. Toddlers who are taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates: 6. Two-year-old Carmen is delighted to see her dad when he returns from work, but not by the sight of her dad’s friends when they come in. This best illustrates: 7. Paula developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. Five years later, Paula can fly again without distress. This best illustrates: 8. After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates: 9. Stimuli that naturally triggers a response is called: 10. The previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a response is called: 11. A response to a stimulus that is brought about by learning is called: 12. Strengthening the possibility of repeated behavior as a result of rewards is called: 13. Weakening a response by imposing unpleasant consequences is called: 14. (True/False) James walks into his first period algebra class. His adrenaline starts pumping because he has to take a test because he failed the last algebra test. This is an example of Classical Conditioning. 15. (True/False) When Sam failed the history test, he used his old pen. Today, he came prepared for the test with a brand new pencil. This is an example of Classical Conditioning. 16. (True/False) Sara does not ask Mr. Smith any questions during class because the last time Sara asked a question he ridiculed her. This is an example of Operant Conditioning. 17. (True/False) Every time Paul sees someone who represents Ms. Town, he begins to sweat uncontrollably. This is an example of Operant Conditioning. 18. (True/False) Simon’s teacher gave him a pencil at the end of week because he did so well on the spelling test. As a result, his grades continue to get better each week. This is an example of Operant Conditioning. 19. (True/False) While walking through the mall, a blonde girl smiled at Rick and said hello. Rick’s blood pressure immediately rose. The next time he was in the mall, he spoke with another blond and his blood pressure rose again. This is an example of Classical Conditioning.