Download Timeline from Boatwright, Romans

TIMELINE
4000 B.c. Emergence of agriculture
2000 Appearance of copper tools arid
ornaments
1800—1200 Bronze Age
1400—1100 Mycenaean contacts with
Italy and Sicily
c. 1000 First undoubted traces of settle
ment at the site of Rome
900—700 Iron Age; Villanovan and
Latial cultures
c. 800 Phoenicians found Carthage
c. 775 Greeks begin to settle in Italy
and Sicily
c. 750 Formation of first city-states
700s Introduction of writing to Italy
c. 725—580 “Orientalizing” period in
Italy
c. 700 Gradual adoption of hoplite war
fare; cultivation of grape vines and
olive trees spreads to central Italy
c. 700—500 “Princely” burials in north
ern and central Italy
700—400 Etruscan and Greek cities at
their height in Italy (also Greek cities
in Sicily)
753—510 Traditional dates for monarchy
at Rome (seven kings in succession)
650—600 Construction of ForLim
Romanum and associated public
build nN and pace
c. 580—480 “Archaic” period in Italy
c. 500 Expulsion of Rome’s last king,
and establishment of the Republic;
treaty between Carthage and Rome
c. 500—287 “Struggle of the Orders”
c. 450 Laws of the Twelve Tables are
issued
c. 396 Romans take over Veii
c. 387 Warband of Gauls loots Rome
343—290 Samnite Wars: (343—341) First;
(326—304) Second; (298—290) Third
341—33 8 Latin War
c. 280 Rome first issues its own coins
282—272 Rome at war with Tarentum
and other communities in southern
Italy; (280—275) King Pyrrhus of
Epirus leads their forces
264—241 First Punic War, at the end of
which Sicily becomes Rome’s first
“province”
237 Romans remove Carthaginians
from Sardinia; (227) it becomes a
province with Corsica
226 Carthaginians in Spain recognize
the Ebro River as their limit
218—201 Second Punic War; Romans
are defeated by Hannibal at (217)
Lake Trasimene and (2l€) Cannav
(202) final defeat of Carthagin ians
520
The Romans
215—205 Rome’s First Macedonian War
c. 211 Rome first mints silver denarii
204 Cult of Mag-na Mater is brought to
Rome
198 Two Roman provinces are formed
in Spain (Further, Nearer)
200—196 Second Macedonian War; (196)
“Freedom” of the Greeks proclaimed
c. 200 Beginnings of historical writing
at Rome; Roman elite engages with
Greek literature, philosophy, rhetoric
c. 200—c. 170 Numerous colonies are
established in both peninsular Italy
and the Po Valley
195 Cato’s consulship, and (to 194)
command in Spain
192—189 Rome defeats Antiochus III in
the Syrian War
186—183 Suppression of the cult of
Bacchus in Italy
171—168 Third Macedonian War; end of
its monarchy
168 Polybius comes to Rome as a
hostage from Achaean League
mid-150s—130s Roman wars with
Lusitanians and Celtiberians, ending
(133) with capture of Numantia
149 “Extortion” court (quaestio de
repetundis) is established
149—146 Third Punic War, ending with
the destruction of Carthage; its terri
tory becomes the province of Africa
149—148 After the suppression of
Andriscus’ rising, Macedon becomes
a Roman province
146 Destruction of Corinth
130s Secret ballot is introduced in
Roman assemblies
136—132 First Slave War in Sicily
133 Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus
133 Kingdom of Pergamum is
bequeathed to Rome and (129)
becomes the province of Asia
123, 122 Tribunates of Gaius Gracchus,
who (122) attempts to establish a
colony (Junonia) on the site of
Carthage
121 Senatus Consultwn Ultimum authorizes
elimination of Gaius Gracchus
121 Province of Transalpine Gaul is
formed
113—101 Confrontation with Cimbri
and Teutoni
112—105 War with Jugurtha in Numidia
c. 107—101 Major reform of the Roman
army
107, 104, 103, 102, 101 Consulships of
Marius
104—100 Second Slave War in Sicily
100 Tribunate of Saturninus and (sixth)
consulship of Marius
91 Tribunate of Livius Drusus
91—87 Social (or Marsian) War; (90—89)
extension of Roman citizenship
throughout peninsular Italy; (88) tn
bunate of Sulpicius Rufus and Sulla’s
first march on Rome
90—85 War with Mithridates in Asia
Minor and Greece; Sulla offers peace
terms
8 7—84 After Marius and Cinna had
both marched on Rome (87), Marius
dies (86), China works to restore sta
bility. but is murdered (84)
86 Financial crisis: three quarters of all
debts are cancelled
83—82 Sulla’s second march on Rome;
Pompey raises forces in support
82—8 1 Dictatorship of Sulla; proscriptions
80—73 Sertorius in Spain resists Sullan
commanders (Pompey among them)
until murdered
78—77 Despite marching on Rome,
Lepidus fails to overturn key fea
tures of Sulla’s program
75 Kingdom of Bithynia is bequeathed
to Rome
74—63 Lucullus, then (from 66) Pompey,
resume war against Mithridates
73—71 Slave revolt of Spartacus
70 Consulship of Crassus and Pompey;
Cicero secures the condemnation of
Verres for misgovernment in Sicily
c. 70 Earliest known construction of
amphitheater in stone (at Pompeii)
67 Pompey suppresses piracy in the
Mediterranean
65 Censorship of Crassus
I
Timeline
64—63 Bithvnia/Pontus, Cilicia, Syria are
instituted or reshaped as provinces by
Pompey (63); Mitbridates dies
63 As consul, Cicero exposes Catiline’s
conspiracy; Julius Caesar is elected
pan tfex inaxirnus
61—55 Pompey builds a theater com
plex in Campus Martius
60—59 Formation of “First Triumvirate”
(Caesar, Crassus, Pompey)
59 Consulship of Julius Caesar
58 Tribunate of Clodius
58—5 7 Cato makes Cyprus a Roman
province; Cicero in exile
58—51 Caesar campaigns in Gaul and
(55—54) Britain; makes his accomplish
ments known through “commentaries”
56 “Triumvirs” meet at Luca to strength
en and extend their partnership
55 Consulship of Crassus and Pompey
54 Premature death of Julia
53 Crassus’ army invades Parthia and
is slaughtered at Carrhae
52 Death of Clodius; sole consulship of
Pompey
51—50 Cicero governs Cilicia and Cyprus
50s or thereabouts Development of
glass-blowing technology
49 (January) SCU is passed; Caesar
crosses Rubicon River to invade
Italy; (March) Pompey evacuates
Italy; (March to fall) Caesar cam
paigns against Pompeians in Spain
and besieges Massilia
48 Caesar holds (second) consulship,
together with one-year dictatorship;
debtors’ rising in Italy is suppressed;
(August) Pompey is defeated by
Caesar at Pharsalus, and (September)
killed on arrival in Egypt as fugitive
October 48—mid-47 Caesar in Alexandria
establishes Cleopatra as ruler of
Egypt, and fathers a son by her
47 (summer) Caesar defeats Phamaces
at Zela
Fall 47—mid-46 Campaign in Africa
ends with Caesar’s victory over
Pompeians at Thapsus; Cato
commits suicide
521
46 Caesar holds (third) consulship, and
is appointed to ten-year dictatorship;
new “Julian” calendar introduced;
dedication of Forum Julium in Rome
Fall 46—mid-45 Second campaign in
Spain ends with Caesar’s victory
over Pompeians at Munda
45 Caesar holds (fourth) consulship,
and continues as dictator
44 Caesar holds (fifth) consulship, and
(February) is made perpetual dicta
tor; he becomes the first living
Roman whose head appears on
coins; his worship as a god is autho
rized; (March 15) he is assassinated
44 Lepidus becomes pan tifex maxirnus;
(May) Octavian arrives in Rome to
claim his inheritance from Caesar
43 (April) Antony is repulsed from
Mutina by both consuls, who lose
their lives, and Octavian; (August)
Octavian becomes consul;
(November) formation of Second
Triumvirate; Cicero is victim of ensu
ing proscriptions
42 (January) Deification of Julius
Caesar; (fall) Antony and Octavian
defeat Brutus and Cassius at Philippi
41 Perusine War; Antony meets
Cleopatra, and fathers twins by her
40 Antony and Octavian redivide their
control of the Roman world; Antony
marries Octavia
39 Agreement is reached between
Antony, Octavian, and Sextus
Pompey
39—38 Parthian invasions of Syria and
Asia Minor are repulsed
38 Octavian marries Livia
37 Second Triumvirate is renewed
36 Sextus Pompey is defeated by
Octavian and Lepidus; Lepidus’
attempt to eliminate Octavian results
in his own exile; Antony’s invasion
of Parthia fails badly
3 5—34 Antony subdues Armenia; (34)
“Donations of Alexandria”
32 Italy and West swear loyalty to
Octavian; Antony divorces Octavia
I
‘I
522
The Romans
31 (September) Octavian defeats
Antony and Cleopatra at Actium
30 Octavian captures Alexandria; Antony
and Cleopatra commit suicide; Egypt
becomes a Roman province
29 Curia Julia is dedicated
27 “First Settlement”; Octavian is
renamed Augustus
27—c. 1 B.C. Extension of Roman con
trol in Spain, Alps, and central
Europe to the Danube River; Raetia,
Noricum, Dalmatia, Pannonia,
Moesia are formed as provinces
25 Galatia becomes a Roman province
23 (July) “Second Settlement”; (fall)
Marcellus dies
late 20s According to tradition, Vergil
reads his Aeneid to Augustus
21 Marriage of Agrippa and Julia
20 Parthia returns legionary standards
captured from Crassus and Antony
18—17 Augustus introduces legislation
affecting marriage, childbearing, and
adultery
17 Augustus adopts Gaius and Lucius;
Secular Games
13 New conditions for army service are
introduced
12 Agrippa dies; Augustus becomes
pontifex inaximus following the death
of Lepidus
9 Drusus the Elder dies; endpoint of
Livy’s History; dedication of Ara Pacis
7 Monument at modern La Turbie com
memorates Augustus’ subjugation of
“all the Alpine peoples”
6 B.C.—A.D. 2 Tiberius retires to Rhodes
2 B .C. Temple of Mars the Avenger is
dedicated in Augustus’ new Forum;
title Pater Patriae is bestowed on him
A.D. 2 Lucius Caesar dies
4 Gaius Caesar dies; Augustus adopts
Tiberius
6 Judaea becomes a Roman province
8 Augustus exiles Ovid to Tomis, where
he remains until his death in 17
6—9 Rebellions in Germany, Dalmatia,
Pannonia; (9) three Roman legions
are massacred in Teutoburg Forest
14 Augustus dies, and is succeeded by
Tiberius; promulgation of Augustus’
Res Gestae; legions stationed in
Germany and Pannonia mutiny
14—16/17 Germanicus campaigns in
Germany
17 Cappadocia becomes a Roman
province
17—19 Germanicus is dispatched to the
East, and dies in Syria
20 Trial of Piso for the death of
Germanicus
23 Drusus the Younger dies
23 Praetorian Guard is grouped togeth
er and based in Rome
26 Tiberius takes up residence on Capri
31 Sejanus (Praetorian Prefect since 14)
is denounced and executed
33 Financial crisis, which Tiberius
attempts to alleviate
37 Tiberius dies, and is succeeded by
Gaius Caligula
3 8—40 Disturbances between Greeks
and Jews in Alexandria
41 Assassination of Caligula, who is
succeeded by Claudius
40s—SOs Claudius constructs new har
bor (Portus) north of Ostia
43 Britain and Mauretania become
Roman provinces
46 Thrace becomes a Roman province
47—48 Claudius conducts a census
54 Claudius dies, and is succeeded by
Nero
59 Nero orders the murder of his moth
er Agrippina
60 Boudica leads a rebellion in
Britain
64 Great Fire of Rome; Christians are
persecuted as scapegoats; extensive
devastated area is appropriated by
Nero for his Golden House
66 Nero crowns Tiridates King of
Armenia in Rome
66 Nero visits Greece
66—73 First Jewish Revolt, culminating
(70) in destruction of Temple in
Jerusalem and (73) capture of
Masada