* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Heart
Survey
Document related concepts
Management of acute coronary syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Cardiovascular disease wikipedia , lookup
Heart failure wikipedia , lookup
Electrocardiography wikipedia , lookup
Artificial heart valve wikipedia , lookup
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia wikipedia , lookup
Mitral insufficiency wikipedia , lookup
Antihypertensive drug wikipedia , lookup
Coronary artery disease wikipedia , lookup
Quantium Medical Cardiac Output wikipedia , lookup
Jatene procedure wikipedia , lookup
Lutembacher's syndrome wikipedia , lookup
Heart arrhythmia wikipedia , lookup
Dextro-Transposition of the great arteries wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
11 The Cardiovascular System Lesson 11.1: Heart Anatomy; Function of the CV System Lesson 11.2: Regulation of the Heart Lesson 11.3: Blood Vessels & Circulation Lesson 11.4: Heart Disease Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System Lesson 11.1 Heart Anatomy; Function of the Cardiovascular System Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System • • • • • • • Heart: location and size Four chambers of the heart Heart valves Blood flow through the heart Walls of the heart Cardiac cycle Cardiac output © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Heart: Location and Size • • • • • Thoracic cavity Above diaphragm Between lungs Size of a clenched fist Weighs 8–12 ounces © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Heart: Location and Size © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Four Chambers of the Heart • Right atrium • Right ventricle • Left atrium • Left ventricle © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. The Heart Valves • Atrioventricular (AV) valves – Tricuspid • Right atrium Right ventricle – Bicuspid (mitral) • Left atrium Left ventricle • Semilunar valves – Pulmonary • Right ventricle Lungs – Aortic • Left ventricle Body © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Blood Flow through the Heart 1. Deoxygenated blood flows from the body to the inferior and superior vena cavae to right atrium 2. Right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve to right ventricle 3. Right ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the pulmonary valve, to the pulmonary artery 4. Blood exits to the lungs © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Blood Flow through the Heart (continued) 5. Oxygenated blood from lungs travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium 6. Left atrium contracts, forcing blood through the mitral valve to the left ventricle 7. Left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the aortic valve 8. Blood passes to the aorta 9. Blood travels out to parts of the body © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Blood Flow through the Heart © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Walls of the Heart • Epicardium – Outermost layer – Aka: pericardium • Myocardium – Middle layer • Endocardium – Inner layer © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cardiac Cycle • Diastole – Ventricle relax, atria contract • Systole – Ventricles contract, atria relax • Mean arterial pressure – Overall pressure within cardiovascular system © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Filling of Heart Chambers Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cardiac Output • Amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute measured in liters/minute • Stroke volume – Amount of blood pumped in 1 beat • Activity – Increases speed blood enters • Injury – blood loss decreases SV • Disease – muscle disease decreases SV © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cardiac Output (continued) • Heart rate – Number of beats per minute – Factors • • • • Body temp Emotions Age Gender – Males = 70-72 bpm – Females = 78-82 bpm • Activity • Physical Condition • Heart Disease © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System Lesson 11.2 Regulation of the Heart Internal Control of the Heart • Sinoatrial node (SA node) – Pacemaker – Sends electrical impulse – Tells heart to beat 60–100 bpm • • • • AV node Bundle of His Bundle branches (right & left) Purkinje fibers © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Figure 11.5 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. External Control of the Heart • Cardiac center – Sympathetic nerve system speeds up – Parasympathetic nerve system slows down • Endocrine system – Some hormones speed up © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Regulation of Heart Rate • Increased heart rate –Sympathetic nervous system • Crisis • Low blood pressure –Hormones • Epinephrine • Thyroxine –Exercise Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Slide Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Regulation of Heart Rate Decreased heart rate Parasympathetic nervous system High blood pressure or blood volume Decreased venous return Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Slide Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Electrocardiogram • ECG or EKG – Electrical activity of the heart – Depolarize = contract – Repolarize = relax © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cardiac Arrhythmias • Normal contractility condition – Sinus rhythm • Abnormal contractility condition – Arrhythmia • Ventricle or atria contraction is not normal © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cardiac Arrhythmias • Bradycardia – Slow heart beat • Tachycardia – Fast heart beat • Premature atrial contraction (PACs) – Atria contracts before SA node © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cardiac Arrhythmias • Atrial fibrillation – Atria contract faster than 350 bpm • Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) – Ventricles contract too soon • Ventricular tachycardia (VT) – Ventricles, rather than SA node, cause beat © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cardiac Arrhythmias • Ventricular fibrillation (VF) – Ventricles contract faster than 350 bpm • Heart block – Impulse from SA node to AV node • First–impulse delayed • Second–intermittently blocked • Third–completely blocked © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Defibrillators and Life-Threatening Arrhythmias • Automatic external defibrillator (AED) – – – – Electric shock Stops heart Allows heart to start normal rhythm Anyone can use one © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment Fill in the blanks with: Tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation, Bradycardia, or Defibrillator. 1. ___________ is fast heart beat. 2. ___________ is slow heart beat. 3. ___________ is atria beating more than 350 bpm. 4. A(n) ___________ stops the heart so it can reset. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System Lesson 11.3 Blood Vessels and Circulation Blood Vessels and Circulation • Blood vessels – Transport network • Circulation – Moving blood around the body • Taking vital signs – Know your numbers © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Blood Vessels: The Transport Network © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Three Layers of Blood Vessels • Tunica intima – Innermost layer • Tunica media – Middle layer • Tunica externa – Outermost layer © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Arteries vs. Veins © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Capillaries • Exchange vessels – Gas moves between tissue and blood • Capillary bed – Network of exchange vessels • Pre-capillary sphincters – Close off capillary bed as needed © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Circulation: Moving Blood • Cardiopulmonary circulation – Between heart and lungs • Systemic circulation – Between heart and body © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Circulation: Moving Blood around the Body © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Cardiac Circulation Coronary arteries – Left – Right © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Arteries Veins © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Taking Vital Signs • Heart Rate (pulse) – Radial, carotid, brachial artery – Count beats for 15 seconds, multiply by 4 • Blood Pressure – Stethoscope, sphygmomanometer – Systolic/diastolic pressure © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Know Your Numbers • Weight – Body mass index (weight/height2) • Blood pressure – Systolic/Diastolic (120/80 mmHg) • Cholesterol – LDLs and HDLs © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System Lesson 11.4 Heart Disease Heart Disease • • • • valve abnormalities diseases ending in -itis heart failure diseases of the arteries © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Heart Disease • • • • heart attack hypertension peripheral vascular disease stroke © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Valve Abnormalities • heart murmurs – valves do not close properly • valvular stenosis – narrowed, stiff heart valve • mitral valve prolapse – mitral valve does not fully close • palpitations © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Diseases Ending in -itis • pericarditis – inflammation of heart sac • myocarditis – inflammation of heart muscle • endocarditis – inflammation of heart lining and valves © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Heart Failure • heart cannot pump blood • fluid backs up in – – – – lungs liver limbs gastrointestinal tract © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Diseases of the Arteries • aneurysms – weakened artery bulges, may break • coronary artery disease – atherosclerosis – angina pectoris – ischemia © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Heart Attack • myocardial infarction – plaque blocks a cardiac artery • treatment – aspirin as soon as symptoms appear – 20–60 minute window for treatment © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Heart Attack © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Heart Disease • hypertension – blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg • peripheral vascular disease – lack of circulation in legs • stroke – blockage of brain blood flow • ischemic stroke • hemorrhagic stroke • transient ischemic attack (TIA) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Hypertension is 120/80 mmHg. 2. Aspirin helps in a heart attack. 3. An aneurysm is a weakened artery. 4. Myocarditis affects the heart wall. 5. In a heart murmur the valves do not close properly. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.