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DNA and RNA Review Review: DNA and RNA • Prokaryotes: > Lack nuclei > DNA is found in the cytoplasm > Most have single circular DNA molecule that contains all of the cell’s genetic information > This single molecule is usually referred to as a chromosome • Eukaryotes: PBNJ > Have a nucleus > DNA is found in the cell nucleus in the form of a number of chromosomes > Human cells have 46 chromosomes (diploid), but their sex cells only have 23 (haploid) APE 1 DNA and RNA Review Review: DNA and RNA DNA Review Description • Genetic Information • DNA is made up of nucleotides. • Stored in the nucleus > Each nucleotide has 3 PARTS – sugar (deoxyribose) – phosphate group – nitrogen bases • • • • Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine « Nitrogen bases (Complimentary Base Pairing): • A binds with T • C binds with G Review: DNA and RNA DNA Replication When: • DNA replication occurs during the cell cycle before cell division (mitosis) can occur…occurs in the nucleus Description: > Before cells divide, the DNA must make an identical copy of itself so that the same genetic information is passed on to the daughter cells 2 DNA and RNA Review Review: DNA and RNA DNA Replication Flow Chart • DNA Replication ↓ • Original DNA strands partially separate ↓ • DNA Polymerase (enzyme) adds complimentary nucleotides to each strand ↓ • Two identical DNA molecules are formed Review: DNA and RNA RNA Review Description • Single stranded > Nucleotides are made of 3 PARTS: > Sugar (Ribose) > Phosphate group > Nitrogen Base – Adenine binds with Uracil – Cytosine binds with Guanine 3 DNA and RNA Review Review: DNA and RNA Roles of DNA & RNA • DNA: > Stores genetic information in the form of segments called genes > Gene‐ a segment of DNA that codes for a protein or RNA Types of RNA • RNA: > mRNA (messenger RNA)‐ carries the instructions for making a protein from the gene/DNA > tRNA (transfer RNA)‐ carries the amino acid on one end of the molecule and a 3‐nucleotide sequence (codon) on the other > rRNA (ribosomal)‐ part of the ribosome that helps to make proteins 4
