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Hora ______ nombre y apellido______________________________________________ Realidades 2: Para empezar Capítulo de repaso Para empezar 1: ¿Cómo eres tú? Vocabulario: • Describing people • Nationalities Gramática: • Nouns, gender, & articles • Adjective agreement • The verb ser Objetivos: • Talk about what you & other people are like • Talk about where you & other people are from Para empezar 2: ¿Qué haces? Vocabulario: • Leisure activities • Time expressions • Question words Objetivos: • Talk about you & other people • Talk about how often you do things • Ask & answer questions Gramática: • Regular verbs in the present tense • Forming questions Vocabulario: Para Empezar – Parte 1 adjetivos serio, -a serious deportista athletic trabajador, trabajadora hard-working paciente patient joven, jóvenes young alto, -a tall atrevido, -a daring bajo, -a short desordenado, -a disorganized estudioso, -a studious gracioso, -a funny guapo, -a good-looking impaciente impatient inteligente intelligent, smart ordenado, -a organized reservado, -a shy, reserved sociable sociable, out-going viejo, -a old talentoso, -a talented perezoso, -a lazy verbo ser to be pronombres sustantivos = subject pronouns singulares plurales nosotros, nosotras we yo I vosotros, vosotras you all ( familiar; tú you used only in Spain) usted / Ud. you ( formal) ustedes / Uds. you all (In Spain, the formal form) él he ellos (used for both a group of males and a mixed group of people) ella she ellas (used for a group of all females) 2 they they Gramática: Para Empezar – Parte 1 Nouns, gender & articles • What is a noun? • In Spanish, all nouns have gender; they are either masculine or feminine. • Nouns that stand for people or living creatures, especially common pets, are masculine or feminine, depending on the sex of the person or animal. Masculine Nouns el chico = boy el abuelo = grandfather el perro = male dog el gato = male cat Feminine Nouns la chica = girl la abuela = grandmother la perra = female dog la gata = female cat • You cannot predict the gender of nouns that stand for non-living things. Do not try to analyze the use the nature of the object, looking for masculinity or femininity. For example, the noun for dress is el vestido. It’s masculine! The noun for necktie is corbata. It’s feminine! Masculine Nouns el libro = book el dinero = money el bolígrafo = ink pen el vestido = dress Feminine Nouns la carpeta = folder la puerta = door la casa = house la corbata = necktie Preguntas: 1. What do all the masculine nouns listed above have in common? __________________________________________________________________ 2. What do all the feminine nouns listed above have in common? __________________________________________________________________ 3. What do el and la mean? _______________________ 4. If a noun in Spanish doesn’t end in o or a, can you predict the gender? _________ How do you have to learn the gender of most nouns that end in an e or a consonant? ________________________________________________________ 3 Actividad: Fill in the definite articles (el or la) of the nouns below. You have not studied all the nouns on the list. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ clase lápiz deporte señor pez estudiante ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ sol luz pie profesor paz coche • Some nouns are exceptions to the o / a rule. For example, the nouns below are some common exceptions and must be memorized. Masculine Nouns el día el mapa el planeta el sofá Feminine Nouns la mano la radio Making nouns and definite articles plural Preguntas: 1. How do you make nouns plural in Spanish if the noun ends with…? • a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) -- ____________________________________________ • a consonant -- ___________________________________________________ • the letter z -- ____________________________________________________ 2. What happens to the definite articles (the words for the) when a noun is plural? • In front of a masculine noun? _______________ libros • In front of a feminine noun? _______________ carpetas Actividad: Fill in the plural definite articles of the nouns below. ____ abuelos ____ estudiantes ____ bicicletas ____ lápices ____ casas ____ luces ____ chicos ____ manos ____ clases ____ perros ____ coches ____ profesores ____ deportes ____ puertas ____ días ____ señores 4 Adjective Agreement • What is an adjective? • Most adjectives in Spanish are placed AFTER the noun they modify. • Adjectives must agree (or match) the noun they modify in gender and in number. el chico guapo los chicos guapos la chica guapa las chicas guapas el examen difícil los exámenes difíciles la prueba difícil las pruebas difíciles • Let’s look at some different types of adjectives. Singular Masculine Feminine 1 2 3 4 5 6 Plural Masculine Feminine guapo guapa guapos guapas inteligente inteligente inteligentes inteligentes joven joven jóvenes jóvenes fácil fácil fáciles fáciles trabajador trabajadora trabajadores trabajadoras deportista deportista deportistas deportistas • Adjectives are made plural the same way nouns are made plural in Spanish. o Add –s to words that end with a vowel. o Add –es to words that end with a consonant. 1. Most singular adjectives end with –o or –a. The –o is the masculine ending, and the –a is the feminine ending. To make the forms plural, simply add an –s to the singular forms. (alto Æ altos; alta Æ altas; mexicano Æ mexicanos; mexicana Æ mexicanas; viejo Æ viejos; vieja Æ viejas) 2. If a singular adjective ends with the letter –e, the masculine and feminine forms are the same. The plural forms add an –s to the end. (paciente Æ pacientes; sociable Æ sociables; interesante Æ interesantes) 3-4. If a singular adjective ends with a consonant (NOT a vowel), the masculine and feminine forms are the same. The plural form adds –es to the end. (difícil Æ difíciles; fácil Æ fáciles) 5. If the singular form of a masculine, singular adjective ends with –r, the feminine, singular form adds an –a. The masculine, plural form adds –es to the singular, masculine form. The feminine, plural form adds –s to the feminine, singular form. (trabajador Æ trabajadores; trabajadora Æ trabajadoras; hablador Æ habldores; habladora Æ habladoras) 6. There are several adjectives and nouns that end with –ista. Both the masculine and feminine forms end with –ista. (deportista Æ deportistas; dentista Æ dentistas; artista Æ artistas) 5 Subject Pronouns • A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. (Mary Æ she) • Subject pronouns are the pronouns that are used as the subject of a sentence. For example, in English we say “I love cookies”, not “Me love cookies.” I is a subject pronoun and me is an object pronoun. • Subject pronouns are often omitted in Spanish because the verb form allows the subject to be understood by the listener or reader. A common mistake made by English speakers learning Spanish is the overuse of subject pronouns, especially the pronoun “yo”. • Subject pronouns are stated when needed for clarification or emphasis. • Subject pronouns correspond to different verb forms in Spanish. Singular Plural español inglés español inglés yo I nosotros, nosotras tú you (familiar) vosotros, vosotras we you all (familiar, usted, Ud. you (formal) ustedes, Uds. él he ellos ella she ellas used only in Spain) you all (formal in Spain; Used in Latin America for all cases of the “plural you” they (masc. or mixed group) they (feminine) • In order to choose correct verb forms, you must first be able to understand the relationship between nouns and pronouns. Carlos (estudiar) Carlos Æ él Mi amigo y yo (leer) Lupe, Gabriela, y Luis (escribir) Las chicas (nadar) Los estudiantes (hablar) Tú y yo (ser) Mi amigo y yo Æ (nosotros) leemos nosotros Lupe, Gabriela, y (ellos) escriben Luis Æ ellos Las chicas Æ ellas (ellas) nadan Mi amigo y yo leemos Lupe, Gabriela, y Luis escriben Las chicas nadan Los estudiantes Æ ellos Tú y yo Æ nosotros Tú y Pedro Æ Uds. (nosotros) somos Los estudiantes hablan Tú y yo somos (Uds.) son Tú y Pedro son Tú y Pedro (ser) (él) estudia (ellos) hablan 6 Carlos estudia The verb ser • Ser means to be. It is the most commonly used verb both in Spanish and in English. • Ser is an irregular verb which means that it does not follow a pattern. All forms of ser must be memorized. • The forms of ser in Spanish and English are: Singular Plural español inglés español inglés (yo) soy (tú) eres (Ud.) es (él) es (ella) es I am (I’m) you are you are he is she is (nosotros) somos (vosotros) sois (Uds.) son (ellos) son (ellas) son we are (we’re) you all are you all are they are they are • SER is often used to describe someone or something. o Somos atrevidos. We’re daring. o Lucía y Mariela son sociables. Lucía y Mariela are friendly. • SER is also used with de to tell where someone is from or to tell their nationality. o Soy cubana. I’m Cuban. o Mis abuelos son de Cuba. My grandparents are from Cuba. o ¿De dónde eres? Where are you from? Adjetivos de Nacionalidad • Learn the adjectives below for recognition only. You don’t need to learn how to spell these words. • Note that adjectives of nationality are NOT capitalized in Spanish. País Nacionalidad País Nacionalidad Argentina argentino,-a Honduras hondureño,-a Bolivia boliviano,-a México mexicano,-a Chile chileno,-a Nicaragua nicaragüense Colombia colombiano,-a Panamá panameño,-a Costa Rica costarricense (tico,- Paraguay paraguayo,-a a)* Perú peruano,-a Cuba cubano,-a Puerto Rico puertorriqueño-,a (boricua)* Ecuador ecuatoriano,-a dominicano,-a El Salvador salvadoreño,-a República Dominicana España español, española Guatemala guatemalteco,-a Uruguay uruguayo,-a Venezuela venezolano,-a * Tico and boricua are colloquial terms used among Costa Ricans and Puerto Ricans to describe themselves. These terms are used affectionately and are not offensive. 7 8 Vocabulario: Para Empezar – Parte 2 Verbos / actividades hablar to talk, to speak vivir to live bailar to dance caminar to walk cantar to sing comer to eat correr to run dibujar to draw escribir cuentos to write stories escuchar música to listen to music esquiar to ski leer revistas to read magazines montar en bicicleta to ride a bike montar en monopatín to skateboard nadar to swim pasar tiempo to spend time patinar to skate practicar deportes to practice sports ser to be tocar la guitarra to play the guitar tomar el sol to sunbathe usar la computadora to use the computer expresiones de tiempo a menudo often antes (de) before a veces sometimes después (de) after el fin de semana weekend nunca never siempre always todos los días everyday 9 palabras interrogativas ¿Quién? ¿Quiénes? Who? Whom? ¿Cómo? How? ¿De dónde? Where from? ¿Adónde? Where to? ¿Cuál? ¿Cuáles? Which (one/ones)? ¿Cuándo? When? ¿Cuánto? ¿Cuánta? How much? ¿Cuántos? ¿Cuántas? How many? ¿Dónde? Where? ¿Por qué? Why? ¿Qué? What? 10 Gramática: Para Empezar – Parte 2 Regular verbs in the present tense • Regular verbs follow a pattern. The memorized pattern will apply to all regular verbs. • An infinitive is the basic form of the verb. It is NOT conjugated. • In Spanish all infinitives end with –ar, -er, or –ir. (hablar, comer, vivir) • In English all infinitives begin with the word to. (to speak, to eat, to live) • When you change a verb into forms that agree with (or match) the subject of the sentence, it is called conjugating the verb. • To conjugate a verb in the present tense, take off the –ar, -er, or –ir on the end of the infinitive, and then add the endings to the stem of the verb. The stem is the part of the infinitive in front of the –ar, -er, or –ir ending. Infinitive hablar comer vivir estudiar leer escribir Stem habl com viv estudi le escrib Ending ar er ir ar er ir • The conjugations of regular verbs in the present tense are: -ar verbs Æ hablar (yo) (tú) (Ud.) (él) (ella) hablo hablas habla -er verbs Æ comer (nosotros) hablamos (vosotros) habláis (Uds.) (ellos) hablan (ellas) (yo) como (tú) comes (Ud.) (él) come (ella) (nosotros) comemos (vosotros) coméis (Uds.) (ellos) comen (ellas) -ir verbs Æ vivir 11 (yo) vivo (nosotros) vivimos (tú) vives (Ud.) (él) vive (ella) (vosotros) vivís (Uds.) (ellos) viven (ellas) Question formation • Use an inverted question mark at the beginning of all questions in Spanish. • The most common way to form a yes / no question in Spanish is to invert (reverse) the order of the subject and verb. Do NOT use a questions word. Most yes / no questions in Spanish begin with a VERB. Statement María Teresa es de Ecuador. Su hermano se llama Miguel. Yes / No Question ¿Es María Teresa de Ecuador? ¿Se llama su hermano Miguel? • To form an information question you will use a question word. (Palabras interrogativas on vocabulary list). • The word order of an information question is usually: ¿Question word Æ verb Æ (subject) Æ (rest of the sentence)? ¿Dónde vive José? ¿Dónde vives? ¿Cuándo van las chicas al cine? ¿Por qué no está Raquel en clase hoy? • If there is a preposition such as con, de, en, or a, place the preposition at the beginning of the sentence in front of the question word. ¿Preposition Æ question word Æ verb Æ (subject )Æ (rest of the sentence)? ¿De dónde es Pablo? ¿De dónde eres? ¿Con quién vives? ¿Adónde van Juanito y Inés? ¿En qué clase está Alberto a las dos y media? 12