Download Glands, hormones and disorders

Gland
Anterior Pituitary
Hormone
Target Cell/Tissue
Human Growth
Hormone
Bone, Cartilage, Muscle
Prolactin
Mammary glands
Thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH)
Thyroid gland
Causes the body to grow and develop by:
1. increasing absorption of calcium from intestines
2. increases cell division and development
3. stimulates protein synthesis and lipid metabolism
Stimulates the development of mammary gland tissue and milk production
(lactogenesis)
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine
Adrenal Cortex
Regulates how much cortisol and aldosterone are produced by the adrenal gland.
Involved in stress responses from adrenal cortex.
Folicle Stimulating
hormone (FSH)
Ovaries/testes
Stimulates follicle development in the ovaries of females while promoting
development of sperm cells in the testes of males
Luteinizing hormone
(LH)
Ovaries/testes
Stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in females and stimulates
production of testosterone in males
Oxytocin
Mammary glands
Triggers muscle contractions during childbirth and stimulates the release of milk
from breasts after birth. Excellent example of a Positive Feedback Loop.
Adrenocorticotropin
(ACTH)
Posterior Pituitary
Anti-diuretic hormone
(ADH)
Hypothalamus
Function(s)
Releasing Hormones
Thyroxin
Kidneys
Pituitary Gland
Heart, Skeletal muscles,
Liver, Kidney
Thyroid Gland
Calcitonin
Bone, kidney
Regulates levels of sodium in the bloodstream. Regulates blood pressure due to
torn or damaged blood vessels. It causes severed artery to constrict and reduce
blood loss while increasing blood pressure.
Stimulates the release of a specific pituitary hormone. Constantly monitors the
state of the internal environment and regulates the activities of the pituitary
gland.
Causes an increase in the metabolism and oxygen consumption of these tissues.
Regulates the level of calcium in blood. Production of calcitonin causes level of
calcium in blood to become lower (more calcium is deposited in bone tissue).
Also, the kidneys excrete more calcium from the body as calcitonin production
increases.
Gland
Parathyroid Gland
Hormone
Target Cell/Tissue
Parathyroid hormone/
Vitamin D
Blood tissue, bone tissue,
kidney, small intestine
Maintains blood calcium levels. It increases the release of calcium into the blood
from bone tissue. It also increases the retention of calcium in the kidneys. In the
small intestine it increases the rate of calcium absorption into the blood
Insulin
Liver
Forces the body to store excess nutrients. It stimulates protein synthesis and
tissue growth throughout the body. Released when blood sugar levels are high.
Pancreas
Pineal Gland
Function(s)
Glucagon
Liver
Melatonin
Many different target cells
Cortisol
Liver, fat tissue, immune
system and other cell
tissue
Adrenal Cortex
Aldosterone
Kidneys
Sex hormones
(Androgens)
Testes/Ovaries
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenaline
(epinephrine),
noradrenaline
(norepinephrine)
Heart, liver, blood vessels,
(Many target cells)
Thymus Gland
Thymosin
Blood, bone marrow
Testes/Ovaries
Testosterone/
Estrogen,
Progesterone
Reproductive tract, bone,
muscle tissue
(Many target cells)
Regulates how the body uses sugar and other carbohydrates. Triggers the
release of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids from cells back into the
bloodstream. Released when blood sugar levels are low.
Influences our circadian rhythms. Produces the feeling of sleepiness. Release of
this hormone is highest during the night and diminishes during the day.
Causes an increase in the process of gluconeogenesis (the process of making
carbohydrates from amino acids and other substances in the liver.
- it prompts the breakdown of lipids in fat tissue
- it inhibits metabolism
- it stops protein synthesis in many organs
- it is an anti-inflammatory
Regulates the amount of water and mineral salts in the blood and it regulates
blood pressure. It acts to increase absorption of sodium ions in the kidneys
which in turn increases the absorption of water leading to increased blood
pressure.
Promotes muscle and skeletal development in both males and females, including
the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Prepares the body for the fight or flight response including increased heart rate,
blood pressure, vasodilation. It stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into
glucose. They are complimentary hormones.
Stimulates the production and maturation of lymphocytes into T-cells
Controls development of secondary sexual characteristics in males and females
Disorder
Description (Symptoms)
Cause
Pituitary
Dwarfism
An individual with abnormally short stature.
Body proportions remain normal. Puberty
may be delayed or not occur at all
Insufficient production of human growth hormone
during childhood. It can result from pituitary
tumour or absence of pituitary gland.
Giving the individual HGH during
development
A disorder in which individuals have
abnormally long skeletal bones
Excess production of HGH prior to puberty
Gigantism
Surgical removal of tumour or
irradiation of gland tissue
Extensive thickening of bone tissue which
causes abnormal growth of head, hands and
feet
Excess production of HGH in adults. Commonly
caused by the development of tumour in the
pituitary gland
Removal of tumour, radiation
treatment or injection of growth
hormone blocking drug
Enlargement of thyroid gland, muscle
weakness, increased metabolism, excessive
heat production, sweating, warm skin,
increased appetite but weight loss, bulging
or protruding eyes
Reduced metabolism, Reduced tolerance to
cold temperatures, decreased heart rate,
decreased appetite but weight gain,
decreased mental ability, weakness and
fatigue, poor physical development
Occurs when thyroid gland produces an excess of
thyroxin. It occurs when antibodies attach to TSH
receptors on thyroid cells. This causes the cells of
thyroid gland to continually produce thyroxin
Surgical removal of thyroid gland,
thyroid blocking drugs, treatment
with radioactive iodine, injections of
thyroid hormone
Results from a deficiency of thyroxin. Caused by
an iodine deficiency. Decreased thyroxin levels
disrupt the negative feedback loop to the pituitary
gland resulting in continued production of TSH.
TSH continues to stimulate cell division in thyroid
tissue
Give individual thyroxin/iodine
Swelling of the thyroid gland causing a bulge
in the neck of the individual
Caused by insufficient levels of dietary iodine. Low
levels of iodine causes an increase in cell division in
the thyroid gland causing it to expand.
Adding iodine to diet through
supplements in water and in table
salt
frequent urination, excessive thirst, unusual
fatigue, rapid weight loss, blurred vision,
poor circulation
Type 1: autoimmune disorder in which the body's
own immune system attacks and destroys the
insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas. As
insulin levels drop, the body isn't able to remove
glucose from blood and large amounts are
removed by the kidneys
Type 2: the pancreas doesn't produce enough
insulin or the body's cells fail to recognize/respond
to the insulin
No cure.
Type 1 is managed with insulin
injections
Type 2 is managed with exercise,
dietary change, insulin shots,
various oral medications
Acromegaly
Hyperthyroidism
(Grave's Disease)
Hypothyroidism
(Myxedema)
Goiter
Diabetes
Treatments