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Gland Anterior Pituitary Hormone Target Cell/Tissue Human Growth Hormone Bone, Cartilage, Muscle Prolactin Mammary glands Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyroid gland Causes the body to grow and develop by: 1. increasing absorption of calcium from intestines 2. increases cell division and development 3. stimulates protein synthesis and lipid metabolism Stimulates the development of mammary gland tissue and milk production (lactogenesis) Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine Adrenal Cortex Regulates how much cortisol and aldosterone are produced by the adrenal gland. Involved in stress responses from adrenal cortex. Folicle Stimulating hormone (FSH) Ovaries/testes Stimulates follicle development in the ovaries of females while promoting development of sperm cells in the testes of males Luteinizing hormone (LH) Ovaries/testes Stimulates ovulation and formation of corpus luteum in females and stimulates production of testosterone in males Oxytocin Mammary glands Triggers muscle contractions during childbirth and stimulates the release of milk from breasts after birth. Excellent example of a Positive Feedback Loop. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) Posterior Pituitary Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) Hypothalamus Function(s) Releasing Hormones Thyroxin Kidneys Pituitary Gland Heart, Skeletal muscles, Liver, Kidney Thyroid Gland Calcitonin Bone, kidney Regulates levels of sodium in the bloodstream. Regulates blood pressure due to torn or damaged blood vessels. It causes severed artery to constrict and reduce blood loss while increasing blood pressure. Stimulates the release of a specific pituitary hormone. Constantly monitors the state of the internal environment and regulates the activities of the pituitary gland. Causes an increase in the metabolism and oxygen consumption of these tissues. Regulates the level of calcium in blood. Production of calcitonin causes level of calcium in blood to become lower (more calcium is deposited in bone tissue). Also, the kidneys excrete more calcium from the body as calcitonin production increases. Gland Parathyroid Gland Hormone Target Cell/Tissue Parathyroid hormone/ Vitamin D Blood tissue, bone tissue, kidney, small intestine Maintains blood calcium levels. It increases the release of calcium into the blood from bone tissue. It also increases the retention of calcium in the kidneys. In the small intestine it increases the rate of calcium absorption into the blood Insulin Liver Forces the body to store excess nutrients. It stimulates protein synthesis and tissue growth throughout the body. Released when blood sugar levels are high. Pancreas Pineal Gland Function(s) Glucagon Liver Melatonin Many different target cells Cortisol Liver, fat tissue, immune system and other cell tissue Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Kidneys Sex hormones (Androgens) Testes/Ovaries Adrenal Medulla Adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine) Heart, liver, blood vessels, (Many target cells) Thymus Gland Thymosin Blood, bone marrow Testes/Ovaries Testosterone/ Estrogen, Progesterone Reproductive tract, bone, muscle tissue (Many target cells) Regulates how the body uses sugar and other carbohydrates. Triggers the release of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids from cells back into the bloodstream. Released when blood sugar levels are low. Influences our circadian rhythms. Produces the feeling of sleepiness. Release of this hormone is highest during the night and diminishes during the day. Causes an increase in the process of gluconeogenesis (the process of making carbohydrates from amino acids and other substances in the liver. - it prompts the breakdown of lipids in fat tissue - it inhibits metabolism - it stops protein synthesis in many organs - it is an anti-inflammatory Regulates the amount of water and mineral salts in the blood and it regulates blood pressure. It acts to increase absorption of sodium ions in the kidneys which in turn increases the absorption of water leading to increased blood pressure. Promotes muscle and skeletal development in both males and females, including the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Prepares the body for the fight or flight response including increased heart rate, blood pressure, vasodilation. It stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose. They are complimentary hormones. Stimulates the production and maturation of lymphocytes into T-cells Controls development of secondary sexual characteristics in males and females Disorder Description (Symptoms) Cause Pituitary Dwarfism An individual with abnormally short stature. Body proportions remain normal. Puberty may be delayed or not occur at all Insufficient production of human growth hormone during childhood. It can result from pituitary tumour or absence of pituitary gland. Giving the individual HGH during development A disorder in which individuals have abnormally long skeletal bones Excess production of HGH prior to puberty Gigantism Surgical removal of tumour or irradiation of gland tissue Extensive thickening of bone tissue which causes abnormal growth of head, hands and feet Excess production of HGH in adults. Commonly caused by the development of tumour in the pituitary gland Removal of tumour, radiation treatment or injection of growth hormone blocking drug Enlargement of thyroid gland, muscle weakness, increased metabolism, excessive heat production, sweating, warm skin, increased appetite but weight loss, bulging or protruding eyes Reduced metabolism, Reduced tolerance to cold temperatures, decreased heart rate, decreased appetite but weight gain, decreased mental ability, weakness and fatigue, poor physical development Occurs when thyroid gland produces an excess of thyroxin. It occurs when antibodies attach to TSH receptors on thyroid cells. This causes the cells of thyroid gland to continually produce thyroxin Surgical removal of thyroid gland, thyroid blocking drugs, treatment with radioactive iodine, injections of thyroid hormone Results from a deficiency of thyroxin. Caused by an iodine deficiency. Decreased thyroxin levels disrupt the negative feedback loop to the pituitary gland resulting in continued production of TSH. TSH continues to stimulate cell division in thyroid tissue Give individual thyroxin/iodine Swelling of the thyroid gland causing a bulge in the neck of the individual Caused by insufficient levels of dietary iodine. Low levels of iodine causes an increase in cell division in the thyroid gland causing it to expand. Adding iodine to diet through supplements in water and in table salt frequent urination, excessive thirst, unusual fatigue, rapid weight loss, blurred vision, poor circulation Type 1: autoimmune disorder in which the body's own immune system attacks and destroys the insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas. As insulin levels drop, the body isn't able to remove glucose from blood and large amounts are removed by the kidneys Type 2: the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin or the body's cells fail to recognize/respond to the insulin No cure. Type 1 is managed with insulin injections Type 2 is managed with exercise, dietary change, insulin shots, various oral medications Acromegaly Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease) Hypothyroidism (Myxedema) Goiter Diabetes Treatments