Download Plant Unit class slides 4.19.16

Plants
Core Knowledge Unit
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Plant Unit Vocab 1-4
1. Vascular plant – a plant that has specialized
tissues to carry water and nutrients to all parts of
the plant
2. Xylem – one type of vascular tissue, transports
water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves
3. Phloem – the set of tube like structures in
vascular plants that transport sugars, which are
made primarily in the leaves, to other parts of the
plant or store it for later use
4. Nonvascular plant – a plant that is relatively
simple in form and lacks specialized tissues
for support and fluid transport
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Plant Unit Vocab 5-9
5. Photosynthesis – a plant life process that traps
sunlight and uses carbon dioxide and water to form
carbohydrates
6. Chlorophyll – the molecule in plant cells that traps
sunlight, uses the light energy to break down CO2 and
H2O and recombine them to form glucose and oxygen,
gives plants their green color
7. Spores – reproductive plant bodies, usually onecelled, each able to develop into a new organism
8. Gymnosperm – a plant, such as a conifer, that
produces naked or uncovered seeds
9. Angiosperm – a vascular plant whose seeds are
covered or enclosed by an ovary
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Plant Structure
• The majority of plants are vascular plants
(flowering plants, trees, grasses, shrubs)
• More simple plants are non-vascular
plants, or bryophytes (moss, liverwort,
hornwort, algae).
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Vascular Plants
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Plant Vascular Systems
• Xylem and phloem make up the
transportation system of vascular plants.
• Vascular plants have roots, stems, buds,
and leaves.
• The roots hold the plant steady and grab
moisture and nutrients from the soil. The top
is in the light, conducting photosynthesis and
helping the plant reproduce.
• Xylem & Phloem connect all the parts!
tree rings xray
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Xylem
 Xylem is made of vessels that are connected end to
end for the maximum speed to move water
upwards
 roots absorb water – in a tall plant or tree, 100
feet above the ground, it is time to put the
xylem into action!
 Xylem is inside the ring of phloem
 Xylem tissue dies after one year and then develops
anew (rings in the tree trunk). A new ring of xylem
is added during each year of a tree’s life.
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Phloem
 When photosynthesis happens, sugars need to be
given to every cell in the plant for energy. Phloem
to the rescue! The phloem cells are laid out endto-end throughout the entire plant, transporting
the sugars and other molecules created by the
plant. Phloem “flows” downward.
 Phloem is always alive.
 Phloem is located in a ring just under the bark of
a tree. When deer and other animals scrape off
the bark of a tree, they are eating the phloem
because it contains sugar.
 What is the best way to think about phloem?
Think about sap coming out of a tree. That
dripping sap usually comes from the phloem.
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Nonvascular Plants
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Types of Nonvascular Plants
algae
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Nonvascular Plants
 Bryophytes – nonvascular plants that include mosses,
hornworts, and liverworts.
 Most nonvascular plants do not reach more than 6
inches in height.
 Have no transport tubes to move water and nutrients
but have rhyzoids (elongated cells that attach to the
soil and absorb water and nutrients).
– These rhyzoids act as roots
 Most live in water or moist environments
 absorb water directly from the environment
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Rhyzoids
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Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis
“photo”
means
light
“synthesis”
means
putting
together
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Chemical Reaction
Stoma (Stomata) – a minute
opening in the outer layer of a
plant through which gaseous
interchange takes place.
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Photosynthesis
Equation
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Plant Unit Vocab 10-15
10.Pistil – the female reproductive structure in the plant,
also known as the carpel
11.Stamen – the male reproductive structure in
flowering plants
12.Petal – the brightly colored part of the plant designed
to attract animal pollinators
13.Ovary – in seed-bearing plants, the place where
fertilization takes place and seeds mature, when
mature the ovary is called a fruit
14.Stigma – the top of the pistil or carpel
15.Stoma (plural: stomata)– a minute opening in the
outer layer of a plant through which gaseous
interchange takes place
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Plant Unit Vocab 16-19
16.Conifer – a tree or bush that has cones, usually
an evergreen
17.Pollination – the act of transferring pollen from
an anther to a stigma
18.Monocot – one of the two groupings of flowering
plants, has one seed leaf, usually enclosed in a
sheath the surrounds and protects the shoot
19.Dicot – one of the two groupings of flowering
plants, has two seed leaves, both of which
photosynthesize for the seedling until the foliage
leaves can take over the supply nutrients for the
plans
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Plant Unit Vocab 20-24
20.Germination – the process of growth of the embryo
in a plant
21.Embryo – a mature zygote in the female ovule of a
plant, eventually becomes a seed
22.Endosperm – tissue surrounding an embryo of seeds
in a flowering plant, supplies nutrients to the embryo
23.Seed coat – the structure that protects the plant
embryo until favorable conditions allow the embryo to
begin to grow
24.Sepal – one of the outermost structures of a flower,
sepals protect the young flower while it begins to
develop
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How do we classify plants?
NonVascular
Vascular
Spore
Bearing
Ferns
Seed
Bearing
Flowering
Plants
Monocots
Bryophytes
NonFlowering
Plants
Algae
Mosses,
Liverworts,
Hornworts
Conifers
Dicots
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Plant Reproduction
I. Vegetative Reproduction
II. Spore Bearing Plants
III.Seed Bearing Plants
a) Non-Flowering Plants
b) Flowering Plants
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I. Vegetative Reproduction
 Asexual reproduction where a plant can make a
copy of itself that is genetically identical (cloning).
 Growing plants from eyes, buds, leaves, roots,
and stems
 Happens when:
 naturally when a plant has a bulb or runners
 when a leaf or cutting is taken from the plant
and put in moist material
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Bulbs
Eye
 buds with short
stems
 modified
compacted leaves
for food storage
 epithelial tissue
between each leaf
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Runners
stems that grow above ground
Farmers cut up plants and use
eyes, buds, leaves, roots, and
stems to grow new identical plants.
Runner
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Cuttings
Sedum
Morganianum
(Donkey’s Tail)
Video: How to
Propagate
Plants from
Cuttings 7:15
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II. Spore Bearing Plants
• Spores land in a moist nutrient rich spot where it will
grow into a special moss plant (like thread)
• Over time the green-like thread develops buds that
grow into small plants (some male, some female)
• Each plant produces gametes (specialized male or
female cells)
• The fertilized egg grow spores, falls to the ground, &
repeats the process
Ferns
Mosses, Liverworts,
Hornworts (non-vascular)
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III. Seed Bearing Plants
1. Non-Flowering Plants
– Conifers
2. Flowering Plants
– Parts of a flower
– Fertilization
– Monocots vs. Dicots
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1. Non-Flowering Plants
Conifers
• These are called gymnosperms “naked seeds”
• The name conifer means “cone carriers”
• Conifers are plants that reproduce using male and
female gametes
• Two kinds of cones!
– Male and Female (small and BIG)
– usually found on the same tree
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Female Cone
Male Cone
Male Cone (pollen cone)
 found at the highest parts of the tree &
contain pollen carried by wind to the female
cones
Female Cone (seed cone)
 found lower on the tree, takes in pollen, closes
tightly for germination, then opens to release
the seeds, and drops to the ground to grow
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2. Flowering Plants
• Flowering plants are called angiosperms “enclosed
seeds”
• Largest and most diverse group in the plant kingdom
with approximately 260,000 different species being
name so far
• All important food plants are angiosperms
• Classified as monocots and dicots
• Parts of flowering plants are petals, sepals, stamens,
and pistils
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Parts of a flowering plant
1. Petals
– broad, flat, thin, vary in size, shape, & color
– attract insects or other animals to the flower
– animals help plants reproduce by transferring pollen
from flower to flower
2. Sepal
– makes up the bottom ring of a flower
– often green, like leaves, covers/protects the immature
flower when it is a bud
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Parts of a flowering plant
3. Stamen
– Male reproductive parts of a plant (remember sta-MEN)
– Thin stalks called filaments, topped by an anther
– Anthers are sack like structures that produce pollen grains
4. Pistil
– Female reproductive part of a flower
– The tip is called the stigma
– Pollen grains from the anther collect on the stigma
– The stigma is sticky or feathery
– Rounded base of the pistil is the ovary
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Process of Fertilization
• Fertilization occurs in a flower when:
1. Pollen is transferred from the anthers to the stigma
2. Wind, insects, and/or animals all help to pollinate
flowers
3. The pollen grains stick to the stigma and descend
down the style into the ovary
4. The ovary develops into a fertilized egg (zygote)
5. The egg grows into an embryo (baby plant).
6. This embryo is protected inside a seed.
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Process of Fertilization
Male
Gamete
(Fertilization)
(Germination)
Zygote
Female
Gamete
Embryo
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Cotyledon
Seed Coat
(protects the embryo)
Embryo
Closer Look
at the
Endosperm
Cotyledon [kot-l-eed-n]
the leaves of the embryo.
These leaves will perform
photosynthesis once the
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embryo has sprouted.
Dicots and Monocots
A closer look at seeds!
• Di = two
• Bean seeds
have two
cotyledons
• Mono = one
• Corn seeds
have one
cotyledon
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Video: Monocot
vs. Dicot Plants
4:37
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Review!
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