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Plants Core Knowledge Unit 1 Plant Unit Vocab 1-4 1. Vascular plant – a plant that has specialized tissues to carry water and nutrients to all parts of the plant 2. Xylem – one type of vascular tissue, transports water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves 3. Phloem – the set of tube like structures in vascular plants that transport sugars, which are made primarily in the leaves, to other parts of the plant or store it for later use 4. Nonvascular plant – a plant that is relatively simple in form and lacks specialized tissues for support and fluid transport 2 Plant Unit Vocab 5-9 5. Photosynthesis – a plant life process that traps sunlight and uses carbon dioxide and water to form carbohydrates 6. Chlorophyll – the molecule in plant cells that traps sunlight, uses the light energy to break down CO2 and H2O and recombine them to form glucose and oxygen, gives plants their green color 7. Spores – reproductive plant bodies, usually onecelled, each able to develop into a new organism 8. Gymnosperm – a plant, such as a conifer, that produces naked or uncovered seeds 9. Angiosperm – a vascular plant whose seeds are covered or enclosed by an ovary 3 Plant Structure • The majority of plants are vascular plants (flowering plants, trees, grasses, shrubs) • More simple plants are non-vascular plants, or bryophytes (moss, liverwort, hornwort, algae). 4 Vascular Plants 5 Plant Vascular Systems • Xylem and phloem make up the transportation system of vascular plants. • Vascular plants have roots, stems, buds, and leaves. • The roots hold the plant steady and grab moisture and nutrients from the soil. The top is in the light, conducting photosynthesis and helping the plant reproduce. • Xylem & Phloem connect all the parts! tree rings xray 6 Xylem Xylem is made of vessels that are connected end to end for the maximum speed to move water upwards roots absorb water – in a tall plant or tree, 100 feet above the ground, it is time to put the xylem into action! Xylem is inside the ring of phloem Xylem tissue dies after one year and then develops anew (rings in the tree trunk). A new ring of xylem is added during each year of a tree’s life. 7 Phloem When photosynthesis happens, sugars need to be given to every cell in the plant for energy. Phloem to the rescue! The phloem cells are laid out endto-end throughout the entire plant, transporting the sugars and other molecules created by the plant. Phloem “flows” downward. Phloem is always alive. Phloem is located in a ring just under the bark of a tree. When deer and other animals scrape off the bark of a tree, they are eating the phloem because it contains sugar. What is the best way to think about phloem? Think about sap coming out of a tree. That dripping sap usually comes from the phloem. 8 9 Nonvascular Plants 10 Types of Nonvascular Plants algae 11 Nonvascular Plants Bryophytes – nonvascular plants that include mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. Most nonvascular plants do not reach more than 6 inches in height. Have no transport tubes to move water and nutrients but have rhyzoids (elongated cells that attach to the soil and absorb water and nutrients). – These rhyzoids act as roots Most live in water or moist environments absorb water directly from the environment 12 Rhyzoids 13 Photosynthesis 14 Photosynthesis “photo” means light “synthesis” means putting together 15 16 Chemical Reaction Stoma (Stomata) – a minute opening in the outer layer of a plant through which gaseous interchange takes place. 17 Photosynthesis Equation 18 19 Plant Unit Vocab 10-15 10.Pistil – the female reproductive structure in the plant, also known as the carpel 11.Stamen – the male reproductive structure in flowering plants 12.Petal – the brightly colored part of the plant designed to attract animal pollinators 13.Ovary – in seed-bearing plants, the place where fertilization takes place and seeds mature, when mature the ovary is called a fruit 14.Stigma – the top of the pistil or carpel 15.Stoma (plural: stomata)– a minute opening in the outer layer of a plant through which gaseous interchange takes place 20 Plant Unit Vocab 16-19 16.Conifer – a tree or bush that has cones, usually an evergreen 17.Pollination – the act of transferring pollen from an anther to a stigma 18.Monocot – one of the two groupings of flowering plants, has one seed leaf, usually enclosed in a sheath the surrounds and protects the shoot 19.Dicot – one of the two groupings of flowering plants, has two seed leaves, both of which photosynthesize for the seedling until the foliage leaves can take over the supply nutrients for the plans 21 Plant Unit Vocab 20-24 20.Germination – the process of growth of the embryo in a plant 21.Embryo – a mature zygote in the female ovule of a plant, eventually becomes a seed 22.Endosperm – tissue surrounding an embryo of seeds in a flowering plant, supplies nutrients to the embryo 23.Seed coat – the structure that protects the plant embryo until favorable conditions allow the embryo to begin to grow 24.Sepal – one of the outermost structures of a flower, sepals protect the young flower while it begins to develop 22 How do we classify plants? NonVascular Vascular Spore Bearing Ferns Seed Bearing Flowering Plants Monocots Bryophytes NonFlowering Plants Algae Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts Conifers Dicots 23 Plant Reproduction I. Vegetative Reproduction II. Spore Bearing Plants III.Seed Bearing Plants a) Non-Flowering Plants b) Flowering Plants 24 I. Vegetative Reproduction Asexual reproduction where a plant can make a copy of itself that is genetically identical (cloning). Growing plants from eyes, buds, leaves, roots, and stems Happens when: naturally when a plant has a bulb or runners when a leaf or cutting is taken from the plant and put in moist material 25 Bulbs Eye buds with short stems modified compacted leaves for food storage epithelial tissue between each leaf 26 Runners stems that grow above ground Farmers cut up plants and use eyes, buds, leaves, roots, and stems to grow new identical plants. Runner 27 Cuttings Sedum Morganianum (Donkey’s Tail) Video: How to Propagate Plants from Cuttings 7:15 28 II. Spore Bearing Plants • Spores land in a moist nutrient rich spot where it will grow into a special moss plant (like thread) • Over time the green-like thread develops buds that grow into small plants (some male, some female) • Each plant produces gametes (specialized male or female cells) • The fertilized egg grow spores, falls to the ground, & repeats the process Ferns Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts (non-vascular) 29 III. Seed Bearing Plants 1. Non-Flowering Plants – Conifers 2. Flowering Plants – Parts of a flower – Fertilization – Monocots vs. Dicots 30 1. Non-Flowering Plants Conifers • These are called gymnosperms “naked seeds” • The name conifer means “cone carriers” • Conifers are plants that reproduce using male and female gametes • Two kinds of cones! – Male and Female (small and BIG) – usually found on the same tree 31 Female Cone Male Cone Male Cone (pollen cone) found at the highest parts of the tree & contain pollen carried by wind to the female cones Female Cone (seed cone) found lower on the tree, takes in pollen, closes tightly for germination, then opens to release the seeds, and drops to the ground to grow 32 2. Flowering Plants • Flowering plants are called angiosperms “enclosed seeds” • Largest and most diverse group in the plant kingdom with approximately 260,000 different species being name so far • All important food plants are angiosperms • Classified as monocots and dicots • Parts of flowering plants are petals, sepals, stamens, and pistils 33 Parts of a flowering plant 1. Petals – broad, flat, thin, vary in size, shape, & color – attract insects or other animals to the flower – animals help plants reproduce by transferring pollen from flower to flower 2. Sepal – makes up the bottom ring of a flower – often green, like leaves, covers/protects the immature flower when it is a bud 34 Parts of a flowering plant 3. Stamen – Male reproductive parts of a plant (remember sta-MEN) – Thin stalks called filaments, topped by an anther – Anthers are sack like structures that produce pollen grains 4. Pistil – Female reproductive part of a flower – The tip is called the stigma – Pollen grains from the anther collect on the stigma – The stigma is sticky or feathery – Rounded base of the pistil is the ovary 35 36 Process of Fertilization • Fertilization occurs in a flower when: 1. Pollen is transferred from the anthers to the stigma 2. Wind, insects, and/or animals all help to pollinate flowers 3. The pollen grains stick to the stigma and descend down the style into the ovary 4. The ovary develops into a fertilized egg (zygote) 5. The egg grows into an embryo (baby plant). 6. This embryo is protected inside a seed. 37 38 Process of Fertilization Male Gamete (Fertilization) (Germination) Zygote Female Gamete Embryo 39 Cotyledon Seed Coat (protects the embryo) Embryo Closer Look at the Endosperm Cotyledon [kot-l-eed-n] the leaves of the embryo. These leaves will perform photosynthesis once the 40 embryo has sprouted. Dicots and Monocots A closer look at seeds! • Di = two • Bean seeds have two cotyledons • Mono = one • Corn seeds have one cotyledon 41 42 Video: Monocot vs. Dicot Plants 4:37 43 Review! 44