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Tutorial: Plants Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Common ancestor Domain Eukarya The first plants For more than 3 billion years, Earth’s terrestrial surface was lifeless life evolved in the seas 1st photosynthetic plant organisms were aquatic green algae (charophytes/chlorophytes) special adaptations for life on dry land protection from drying = desiccation waxy cuticle gas & water vapor exchange (through cuticle) stomates water & nutrient conducting systems xylem & phloem protection for embryo seeds Plant Diversity Bryophytes non-vascular land plants Pteridophytes seedless vascular plants mosses ferns seedless plants non-vascular plants colonization of land Gymnosperm pollen & “naked” seeds conifers Angiosperm flowers & fruit flowering plants seed plants vascular plants Plant Classification Bryophytes Pteridophytes Tracheophytes Gymnosperm Conifer Angiosperm Non-vascular Vascular Vascular Vascular seedless seedless seeds seeds Spores & Haploid Gameotophyte Spores & Haploid Gameotophyte Cones - naked seeds Flowers - fruit w/ seeds Swimming sperm Swimming sperm Pollen & Seeds Pollen & Seeds Mosses, liverworts Ferns Pine, Spruce, Redwood Lily, Maple, Oak, Rose Vascular tissue Transports materials in roots, stems & leaves Xylem carry water & minerals up from roots tube-shaped dead cells only their walls provide a system of microscopic water pipes Phloem carry nutrients throughout plant sugars (sucrose), amino acids… tube-shaped living cells Flower Modified shoot with 4 rings of modified leaves sepals Stamen petals stamens Stigma Style Ovary Anther Carpel Filament male carpel female sepals petals stamens Petal Ovule Sepal carpel Preventing self-pollination Various mechanisms stamens & carpels may mature at different times arranged so that animal pollinator won’t transfer pollen from anthers to stigma of same flower biochemical self-incompatibility = block pollen tube growth Fertilization in flowering plants Double fertilization 2 sperm from pollen 2nd sperm fertilizes egg = diploid zygote (n+n = 2n) 1st sperm fuses with 2 polar nuclei to form endosperm (n+2n = 3n) endosperm = food tissue in seed Polar nuclei Pollen grains Egg cell Seed & Plant embryo Seed offers… protection for embryo stored nutrients for growth of embryo Embyonic leaves, shoot, and root endosperm = “food” storage for developing plant until it can begin making its own. cotyledons = “seed” leaves, first leaves of new plant seed coat endosperm cotyledons embryo epicotyl radicle Co-evolution: flowers & pollinators How a bee sees a flower…insects see UV light = a bulls-eye to the nectar Root Structure Epidermis: skin covering Root Hairs: extend out from the root Root Cap - at the tip of the root, produces a slimy substance Phloem Vascularization: 1. Phloem - food to the floor 2. Xylem - water up Xylem Rise of water in a tree by bulk flow Transpiration pull adhesion & cohesion H bonding brings water & minerals to shoot Water potential high in soil low in leaves Root pressure push due to flow of H2O from soil to root cells upward push of xylem sap Plant Responses Tropism - growth in response to a stimulus 1. Phototropism • change in plant growth caused by light (plants bend toward light) 2. Photoperiodism• developmental responses of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods. 3. Gravitropism • change in plant growth in response to the direction of gravity (plants bend up, away from gravity) 4. Thigmotropism • growth in response to touch or contact (plants bend along or around objects) Plant Responses - Seasonal changes in leaves 1. Evergreen - they gradually shed some of their leaves throughout the year, and as a result, maintain leaves year-round. What classification of plants are they? In what biome would you find them? 2. Deciduous - lose all their leaves at once, usually for winter. As chlorophyll productiveness declines with the cool temperatures of autumn, the dominant green color fades, displaying the yellows, oranges, and reds of the accessory pigments. Colors of the rainbow: ROYGBIV accessory pigments: xanthraphyll (yellow) and carotenoids (reds and oranges) cannot transfer light energy directly to the photosynthetic pathway, they must pass their absorbed energy to chlorophyll. If chlorophyll is rendered ineffective, the energy does not get passed on, therefore, food is not being made, and consequently the leaves will die. Abscission - shedding of leaves, fruits, flowers Senscence - dieing off of the plant or plant parts