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Visual 1 Use these images to introduce: Athens Socio-Political Life Raewyn Gilmour Polygraphia Theme 1 – The Rise of Athens Locating Greece Locating Greece • We refer to Greece as the large land mass which divides the Aegean Sea from The Adriatic Sea. • It reaches down into the Mediterranean Sea and includes the large island of Crete. • There are also many other smaller Islands. Identify: Mainland Greece; Mediterranean Sea; Aegean Sea; Adriatic Sea; Crete. The Green Areas are Plains Communities dwelt on the green areas so they were isolated from one another. Geography • Mainland Greece is mountainous. • In classical times the mountains separated and isolated settlements from one another. • The communities were independent entities and were self-sufficient. • Examples: – – – – – Sparta in Laconia Olympia where the games were held Corinth on the Isthmus Thebes in Boeotia Athens surrounded by Attica. The Region known as Greece. Both ancient and modern Greece are within the blue line. Communities – City-States • Each city-state was developed around an acropolis or ‘high place – high city’ or citadel. • The acropolis was defensible in times of danger. • The people inhabited and cultivated the land around the acropolis. Right: The Acropolis at Athens What did the Greek Communities have in Common? • A set of beliefs in a Pantheon of Gods • An Oral Tradition – – the Homeric tradition – the stories of the Trojan War – Homer’s The Iliad and The Odyssey. • A Common Greek Language – (there were local dialects) – Attic Greek (Athens) – Doric Greek (Sparta) – Ionic Greek (Asia Minor) Competition – Not Co-operation • The city-states competed with one another. • They seldom co-operated except when forced to defend themselves from a common enemy. • They co-operated for: – The Trojan War (in the distant past) – The Persian Wars (in the early 5th century BC). The Pantheon of Olympian Gods • The gods had considerable positive and negative influences on the lives of Greeks. • Zeus was the father of the gods. The home of the gods was believed to be on Mt Olympus in Thessaly. • His brothers Poseidon and Hades had special positions of influence. • Among the offspring of the gods were: Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Aphrodite... • The Gods were particularly honoured at religious sites or sanctuaries. How many other Olympian gods can you name? Zeus at Olympia • Zeus was honoured at Olympia. • All Greeks honoured Zeus at the Olympic Games at Olympia every four years from 776 BC onwards. Below: The foundations of a temple at Olympia & 2004 Modern Olympics at Olympia Apollo at Delphi The huge temple in the Sanctuary at Delphi honoured Apollo. The foundation can be seen below the theatre. The Island of Delos in the Cyclades, SE of Attica, was considered to be the birthplace of Apollo Athena at Athens The remains of the Parthenon, the temple built in the 5th century to honour Athena. Demeter at Eleusis • The sanctuary of Demeter, the goddess associated with agriculture and corn, was at Eleusis a few kilometres from Athens. • The Eleusian Mysteries were celebrated each year and a procession moved from Athens to Eleusis. The carved altar front from Eleusis tells the story of Demeter, her daughter Persephone and the young prince Triptolemos. Homeric Literature • How many characters can you name from The Iliad? • How many characters can you name from The Odyssey? • Recall one incident from The Iliad. • Tell the story from The Odyssey about the character on the right. Colonisation • As the populations of the city-states on their small plains increased it became necessary to look for more land for people to cultivate and settle. • City-states sent out members to form new communities outside mainland Greece. • Colonies were founded on the coasts of Sicily and Southern Italy and in the Aegean along the coast of Asia Minor. • An example: Corinth founded the city of Syracuse in Sicily. • The result of colonisation was an increase in trade and thus wealth; improved skills in navigation; knowledge of other places; new ideas which will be seen in Greek art; the development of hoplite warfare to establish and defend the colonies. Social Status • Each city-state had a style of government that suited its own situation, tradition or recent history. – Monarchy; Oligarchy; Timocracy; Tyranny; Aristocracy; Democracy. • The aristocrats or nobles were the wealthy class and, because they owned most of the land, they also controlled most of the wealth and power. Hoplite Warfare • In the Trojan War a warrior fought another individual in hand-to-hand combat. • Hoplite warfare was fought by heavily armed men (hoplites) in close formation forming a wall of shields. Each man was dependant on his neighbour for protection. • These men provided their own armour and weapons. They were usually small landowners. As they became vital for the defence of the state their status increased until they could challenge the control of the ruling classes. On the right is a statue of Leonidas, King of Sparta. He wears: a bronze cuirass on his upper body; a leather kilt; bronze greaves on his lower legs; a bronze helmet. He carries a huge bronze shield and a short stabbing sword. Athens. Socio-Political Life • The Textbook Athens: Socio-Political Life studies the Citystate of Athens which included the surrounding area known as Attica. • The textbook examines the gradual rise of Athens during the 6th century BC and early 5th century BC. • It examines in depth how Athenians participated in the social, political, cultural and military activities of Athens in the period known as ‘Periclean Athens when Athens was at the height of her power and creativity. • It deals with the decline of Athens from that position of power and influence during the last years of the 5th century BC. The creativity of Athenians continued long after this period.