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Technical Report
DC^DI
T" ^ ^ J W~ • ^
CO
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RP/1981-1983/2/7.4/04
REPUBLIC OF
MOZAMBIQUE
Development of national and regional
infrastructures in the marine sciences
Marine Sciences
by
Youssef Halim
Serial N o . F M R / S C / O C E / 8 4 / 1 4 7
j[|
==•
United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization
Paris, 1984
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE
MARINE SCIENCES
by Youssef Halim
with cooperation of Rui Monteiro
Report prepared for the Government of
the People's Republic of Mozambique
by the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
(Unesco)
U N E S C O
Technical Report
RP/1981-1983/2/7.4/04
FMR/SC/OCE/84/147(Halim)
1 June 1984
© Unesco 1984
Printed in France
(i)
Preface
The mission described in the present report was carried
out from 6 to 29 May 1983 at the request of the Government of
the People's Republic of Mozambique, and was funded by Unesco
under its Regular Programme for 1981-1983.
The terms of reference of the mission were,
"to collect information and data on the coastal zone of
Mozambique, and on the effect of the damming of the
River Zambezi on the marine environment, with special
reference to living resources ;
to survey the existing infrastructure and manpower for
marine research, including the development of the
Marine Biology Centre at Inhaca Island."
(ii)
The designations employed and the presentation of
the material in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part
of the publishers concerning the legal status of
any country or territory, or of its authorities,
or concerning the frontiers of any country or
territory.
(iü)
CONTENTS
Preface
THE GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING
page
(i)
1
II
THE HYDROGRAPHIC RiSGIME AND THE COASTAL ZONE
6
III
IMPACT OF THt; CABORA BAS SA DAM
42
The Zambezi River
42
Flow Regime
43
The Marine Fisheries
44
Conclusions
48
IV
MAN-POWER AND INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE
54
V
IN1IACA MARINE RESEARCH STATION
59
VI
RECOMMENDATIONS
69
Annex 1: Marine Species of Commercial Value in
Mozambique
73
Annex 2: Four Year Curriculum for a B.Sc. in Biology
76
Annex 3: Proposed Curriculum for Marine Sciences.
IVth Year, B. Biology
77
Annex 4: Proposed Complementary Courses for the Junior
Fishery Officers (1979 Graduates) as a PreRequisite for a Licenciatura.
78
ITINERARY
79
BIBLIOGRAPHY
82
I
THE GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING
The People's Republic of Mozambique is located on the south-eastern
coast of Africa between latitudes 10°27' and 26052' south.
It has an Indian
Ocean coastline of more than 2,700 kilometres.
It is bounded on the north by
Tanzania, on the west by Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and the Transvaal Province
of South Africa and on the south by Swaziland and the Natal Province of South
Africa.
To the east, it is separated from the island of Madagascar by the
Mozambique Channel.
Mozambique occupies southern Africa's largest coastal plain.
Half of
its total area lies between 0 and 300 m above sea level. This coastal plain
is widest in the south, where it covers nearly the entire width of the
territory, but northwards it becomes narrower.
Central and northern
Mozambique is occupied by an interior plateau, ranging from 150 to 600 metres.
This plateau rises still higher towards the western boundaries with Malawi,
Zambia and Zimbabwe, reaching elevations of 1,750 metres along the Zambia-Malawi
border near lake Malawi to 2,207 metres in the north-west in the Tete district.
The climate is dominated by two regimes.
South of the Zambezi River
it is characterized by the passage of the depressions of the south-east TradeWind Zone, and north of the Zambezi by the southern end of the reversing Monsoon
system (Tilney, 1979).
In the northern part, the winds follow the alternating
monsoon system with north-east winds blowing during the southern summer and
south-west winds during the southern winter.
In central Mozambique easterly
winds prevail.
The climate is subhumid.
Maputo receives 759 millimetres
of rain in an average year; Inhambane, 891; Beira 253; Antonio Enes, 1,062;
and Tete, 581. There is a distinct rainy season, during the southern summer,
from October to March.
The dry season lasts from April into September and
sometimes longer.
Records of precipitation show that Mozambique, north of
the Zambezi is a region of greater moisture and lesser drought.
The south
suffers from drought and low rainfall, except along the littoral and against
the inner plateau slopes.
POPULATION
The 1960 census reported a population of 6.6 million.
By 1980 the
population had grown to 8.2 million and, in 1980, it was estimated to be 10.5
to 12 million.
The population distribution is characterized by a concentration
along the coast, except along the Zambezi and the upper Limpopo-Save.
Approximately 90 per cent of the population live in rural areas, though the
population of Maputo district has increased from 800,000 in 1970 to more than
a million in 1980.
THE COAST
Mozambique has a coastline of 2,730 km.
The coastline is marked by
several features.
In the extreme south lies the Bay of Maputo (Formerly Bay
of Lourenço Marques) also known as Delagoa Bay.
It is protected from the
Indian Ocean by a sandy spit prolonged by the island of Inhaca.
The Bay is
at the confluence of four rivers, the Maputo, the Umbeluzi and two others,
the Tembri and the Matóla, joining to form an estuary.
Northward from the Bay
of Maputo to the Zambezi river, the coast is sandy and swampy, with mangroves,
sandy spits and offshore bars.
The Rio Limpopo outfalls to the south and the
Rio Save to the north of this sector of the coast.
Between the latter and the
Zambezi Delta extends the shallow Sofala Bay, a major prawn-fishing ground.
North of the Zambezi Delta, sandy stretches are interrupted by rocky cliffs
and headlands, as well as islands of coral formation.
The tidal range along
the Mozambican coast is one of the highest in east Africa.
Sofala Bay has
tidal amplitudes of more than 6 m.
The total amplitude decreases to the north
and to the south.
- 2 -
FIG I:
The East African Region
'I
.J
SEYCHELLES
\
' ^
^
t
- 3 -
MAURITIUS
FIG 2:
Wind distribution in the Indian Ocean
120* £
40'
FEBRUARY,
20'
NORTl
EAST
MONSOON,
0*\-
20>
K
ig»
so*
*0'
40'
90*
120'
YINDS _AUGUSTj$i?\
120° z
- 4 -
CABO
J)£T.S/U3C
PEMSÀ
MOZAMBIQUE
CHAUNEL
INHAM8ANE
r-XAI
Delagoa bay
FIG 3:
The People's Republic of
Mozambique
II
THE HYDROGRAPHIC REGIME AND THE COASTAL ZONE
The hydrographie regime in the Mozambique Channel forms part of the
general hydrographie regime in the South-west Indian Ocean.
Three largescale circulation systems have been delineated in the Indian Ocean (Wyrtki,
1973):
1.
The seasonally changing monsoon gyre
2.
The southern hemisphere subtropical anticyclonic gyre
3.
The Antarctic waters with the circumpolar current.
The anticyclonic subtropical gyre consists of the South Equatorial
Current, the Agulhas Current system and the eastward flow running north of
the subtropical convergence situated near 40°S (Fig. 4 to 6).
On the
northern edge of the South Equatorial Current, a tongue of low-salinity water,
originating off Sumatra, stretches west near 10°S, extending all the way to
Africa.
This boundary corresponds to a clearly marked sub-surface front in
the chemical characteristics, which separates the waters of low oxygen content
and high nutrients in the Northern Indian Ocean from those of high oxygen
content and low nutrients in the subtropical gyre.
Circulation in the Mozambique
Channel forms part of the South Equatorial Current and the Agulhas Current
system, but local factors are superimposed on the large-scale current system.
In the Mozambique Channel, a strong and permanent anticyclonic geostrophic
eddy is developed.
Water flows to the South along the continental slope of
Africa, causing a northward flow along Madagascar, and a weaker and irregular
inshore northward counter-current.
The center of this eddy is filled with
warm high-salinity subtropical surface water.
The southward flow of this
eddy causes an uplifting of the subsurface water from about 500m depth to near
the surface, along the edge of the continental slope.
This is reflected by
the pattern of the isolines for temperature, salinity, oxygen and phosphate
(Fig. 12 to 18).
An inventory of océanographie cruises in the Mozambique
Channel is given in Table I, after da Silva et al. (1981).
WATER MASSES
The temperature-salinity and the temperature-oxygen relationships show
a characteristic stratification of water masses which appears to be a
permanent feature of the whole Mozambique Channel (Fig. 7 to 11).
Surface Water
The surface layer in the Mozambique Channel consists of the lowsalinity tropical surface water transported westward across the Indian
Ocean by the South Equatorial Current.
On reaching the African continent,
about one-third of the waters of this current are diverted south at the level
of Cabo Delgado (Fig. 5 and 6).
The southward-flowing Mozambique Current
gradually rises in salinity and decreases in temperature.
The mid-Channel
salinity ranges from 34.4 to 35.1 10~3 at the northern end and from 35.2
- 6 -
TABLE I :
Inventory of Océanographie Cruises in the Mozambique Channel
COUNTRY
MONTH
^a.
OF
REFERENCES
YEAR
SHIP
1913
MOWS
GER
Jan-Fab
20
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
1.930
DANA tl
DAN
Jan-Jun
6
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
L93S
DISCOVERY II
GOR
Apr
7
CLOWES and DEACON (1935)
CLOWES (1950)
LBTJEHARMS (1972)
19S2
WILLIAM SCORESBY
GBR
Aug
7
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
1950-52
GALATHEA
DAN
5
LUTJESARMS (1972)
1952
ALISAOS
FRA
NOV-Dac
33
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
1.957
COMMANDANT
ROBERT GXRAUD
FRA
OCt-NOV
65
MENACTE (1961)
MENAC2E (1963)
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
I960
COMMANDANT
R03ERT GIRADO
FRA
Sap
51
ANON (1960)
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
1961
AFRICANA II
RSA
Jus
13
ORRE:: (1963)
VISSER and VAN NIE5ŒRK (1965)
.•WSTERT (1966)
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
1962
COMMANDANT
ROBERT GIRAU3
FRA
Sep-Oc«
51
ANON (1963)
CREPON (1964)
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
1963
ATLANTIS II
USA
Oct-NOv
19
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
1964
ALMIRANTE
LACERDA
?OR
Apr-May
44
ANON (1965)
LUTJEHARMS (1968)
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
1964
ALMIRANTE
LACERDA
POR
Sap
44
ANON (1967)
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
1964
ANTON SRONN
OSA
Sap-Nov
34
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
1964
VLADIMIR
VOROBIEV
URS
Oct-Mov
IS
EROFEEVA and RJONSNITSJOf (1970)
1965
ALMIRANTE
LACERDA
POR
Apr-May
27
ANON (1973)
1965
ATLANTIS II
USA
May-jun
22
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
1965
VLADIMIR
VOROBIEV
URS
May-Jul
33
¡CHIMITSA (1968)
SROFEEVA (1970)
EROFEEVA and RJONSNITSKY (1970)
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
1965-66
VLADIMIR
VOROBIEV
URS
Oac-Jan
1966
ALMIRANTE
LACERDA
POR
Jul
28
ANON (1973) '
1966
VAUBAN
MAO
Oct
14
CCNGUY and PITON (1969)
1966
VAUBAN
MAD
Mov-oao
11
DONGUY and PITON (1969)
1967
VAUBAN
MAO
Jan-Feb
14
DONGUY and PITON (1969)
1967
VAUBAN
MAO
Jun-Jul
10
DOMGUY and PITON (1969)
1967
VAUBAN
MAO
Jul-Aug
16
DONGUY and PITON (1969)
1967
VAUBAN
MAO
Sep
7
DONGUY ind PITON (1969)
PITON and MACNIER (1975)
1968
VAUBAN
MAO
Mar
14
MACNIER and PITCN (1974)
PITCH and MAGNIER (1975)
STATIONS
- 7 -
ERCFKEVA (1970)
Table I:
(cont'd)
MONTH
NO. OF
STATIONS
HAD
Hay
17
LUTJEHARMS (1972).
HAGNIER, PITON and CITEAU (1973V
ARIEL
URS
Jul-Aug
29
LUTJEHARMS (1972)
1970
VAUBAN
HAD
Nov
39
HAGNIER, PITON and CITEAU (1972)
HAGNIER and PITON (1973)
1970
VAUBAN
HAD
Dec
24
HAGNIER, PITON and CITEAU (1972)
HAGNIER and PITON (1973)
HAGNIER, PITON and CITEAU (1973)
1971
VAUBAN
HAD
Mar
34
HAGNIER, PITON and CITEAU (1972, 1973)
HAGNIER and PITON (1974)
PITON and HAGNIER (1975)
1971
VAUBAN
HAD
Hay
23
CITEAU, PITON and HAGNIER (1973)
HAGNIER, PITON and CITEAU (1973)
PITON and HAGNIER (1975)
1971
VAUBAN
HAD
NOT-Oac
18
CITEAU, PITON and HAGNIER 11973)
HAGNIER, PITON and CITEAU (1973)
HAGNIER and PITON (1974)
PITON and HAGNIER (1975)
1972
VAUBAN
HAD
Jan-Feb
21
HAGNIER, PITON and CITEAU (1973)
HAGNIER and PITON (1974)
PITON and HAGNIER (1975)
1973
VAUBAN
HAD
Hay
23
PITON and HAGNIER (1975)
1973
VAUBAN
HAD
Mar
34
1974
VAUBAN
HAD
Jun-Jul
34
1975
VAUBAN
HAD
Mar
25
1976-77
ABT.TT»
ORS
May-Aug
110
1977
OR.FRIDTJOF NANSEN
NOR
Sep
41
SXTRE and PACÍA E SILVA (1979)
1977
OR .FRIDTJOF NANSEN
NOR
Nov
59
SCIRE and PAULA S SILVA (1979)
1978
DR.FRIDTJOF NANSEN
NOR
Jan-Mar
65
SCIRE and PAULA E SILVA (1979)
1978
DR.FRIDTJOF NANSEN
NOR
Apr-May
66
S/ETRE and PAULA E SILVA (1979)
1978
HYSLITEL
ORS
Sep-Oct
66
ANON (1978)
ISAENXO et al. (1980)
1978-79
N U B L A Ï RESaETNYAK
ORS
Dec-Jan
56
ANON (1979)
I5AENK0 ac al. (1980)
1979
ERNST BAECKEL
GDR
Mar
39
1979
NIXOLAY RESHSniYAK
URS
May-Jul
64
1979
HULEVE
HOZ
Jul-Au?
70 (BT)
1980
ALEXANDER VON
HUMBOLDT
SDR
Feb-Mar
203
1980
ERNST HAECXEL
OCR
Jul-Aug
234
1980
DR.FRIDTJOF NANSEN
NOR
Oct-Mov
66
YEAR
SHIP
1968
VAUBAN
1968
COUNTRY
REFERENCES
SUDNICBEHXO
ac
al. (1977)
ANON (1981)
ISAENXO ec al. 1980)
ANON (1981)
COUNTRY CODES:
DAN - Denmark
CER - Federal Republic of Germany
POR - Portugal
FRA - France
MAD - Madagascar
RSA - Rep. of South Africa
GBR - united Kingdom
M02 - Mozambique
URS - Soviet Union
GDR - Canaan Democratic Repuciic
NOR - Norway
USA - United States of Anerica
- 8 -
to 35.4 at the southern.
The coastal waters, however, are considerably
diluted by river runoff.
Temperature ranges from 22°C to 29°C. The northsouth temperature decrease along mid-Channel is more pronounced during the
southern summer, reaching up to 5°C.
The surface water is almost always
depleted in nitrates down to 50-75 m, and depleted or very low in phosphate.
The Subsurface Salinity Maximum
This layer is an extension of the layer formed by the waters sinking
in the center of the subtropical anticyclonic gyre and spreading to the
whole gyre system.
In the Mozambique Channel, it extends vertically from
about 75 to 300 m, with salinities of 35.5 1C_3.
The first subsurface
oxygen minimum is encountered within, or slightly above, this layer.
Phosphate concentration rises to 0.4-1.0 and nitrate to 5-10 mg - at l~l
The Intermediate Oxygen Maximum
This layer is found at depths of 400-500 m, at temperatures between 10
and 12°C.
It originates in the area south of the subtropical convergence
by vertical convection and spreads north, participating in the general
anticyclonic circulation of the subtropical gyre (Wyrtki, 1973).
In the
Mozambique Channel, it corresponds to the layer of salinity decrease, following
the subsurface salinity maximum.
The Intermediate Salinity Minimum
This water mass is formed by mixing along the Antarctic polar front of
the Antarctic water with warmer water of higher salinity. The mixed waters
sink and continue northward as the Antarctic intermediate water.
In the
Mozambique Channel, this water is found at depths between 700 and 1100 m and
at temperatures of 5° to 8°C.
The Intermediate Salinity Maximum
A layer of weak salinity maximum is found around 1200 m at temperatures
of about 5°C, to which corresponds the second oxygen minimum.
There is
evidence that this intermediate salinity maximum is caused by mixed Red Sea
Water.
The Coastal Zone
The prominent features of the coastal zone can be seen from the four
surveys of the R.V. DR FRITDJ0F NANSEN (Saetreet ad. , 1979) carried out between
August 1977 and June 1978 (Fig. 19 to 26).
In September 1977 (Fig. 19 and 20),
the temperature decreased from 25.5°C in the north, off Cabo Delgado and Nacala,
- 9 -
to 23°C off Maputo. A tongue of slightly cooler and less-saline water
extends southward and northward from the Zambezi mouth.
The less-saline waters
are also highly turbid even in this season of low river outflow (Fig. 27).
Apart from this area, the highest salinities are found close to the coast,
with the exception of the area south-east of Inhambane where more-saline
water intrudes from offshore.
The southward flow was detected 50 to 150 km
from the coast, and the northbound countercurrent, inshore over the shelf.
The homogeneous water layer down to the thermocline extended to a depth of
about 100 m along the north coast, the thermocline becoming shallower to the
south and nearer to the coast.
The surface temperature in November 1977
was higher, decreasing southward from 28.5°C along the north coast to 25°C in
Delagoa Bay (Fig. 21-22).
The offshore water is slightly warmer than the
inshore.
Salinity is slightly higher along the north coast and off Inhambane
than in September.
It is significantly reduced off Quelimare and Beira, but
the tongue-like surface layer is missing.
The maximum southward flow was
at distances from 50 to 130 km seaward, with indications of an inshore
northward countercurrent.
The thickness of the mixed homogeneous upper layer
is much smaller, the depth of the thermocline being much shallower though
increasing offshore.
In January-March 1978, surface temperature was 1-3°C
higher than in November, the highest temperatures being over Sofala Bank, where
temperatures above 30°C occurred.
Except for Sofala Bank, surface waters
were warmer and more saline offshore than those inshore.
Salinity is much
decreased compared to November along the whole coast.
The lowest values, about
30 10~3, were observed in Beira Bay south of the Zambezi mouth (Fig. 23-24).
The southward flow seemed to have its core 80-90 km from the coast. The
course of the isohalines and isotherms shows the typical features of a coastal
upwelling.
The thermocline depth is about the same as in the preceding survey.
Surface temperature in April-June 1978 decreased from 30°C off the northern
coast to 22°C in Delagoa Bay.
Surface waters are warmer offshore than inshore,
as observed in the preceding surveys.
The inshore salinity is drastically
reduced as a result of river runoff (Fig. 25-26).
This is most obvious off
the Lurio river mouth south of Pemba, and off the Zambezi and Pungue mouths,
from Beira to north of Quelimane.
The mixed waters of lower salinity
appear to flow north along the coast with the shelf north-bound countercurrent.
COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS
The coastal zone of Mozambique is characterized by several ecosystems:
1.
River estuaries
2.
Mangroves
3.
Coastal lagoons
4.
Coral reefs
5.
Sandy or sandy muddy flats
All are known to be biologically productive systems.
They are also
vulnerable to the effects of human activity and its by-products.
Information about the ecology of the coastal zone in Mozambique is
scarce and fragmentary and only available in some detail for Inhaca island
(see below) where all ecosystems, with the exception of river estuaires,
- 10 -
are represented (McNae and Kalk, 1969).
Mangrove associations and faunistic
studies received more attention than the ecology of lagoons, coral reefs or
sandy flats. The shrimp and fin-fish resources in the open sea have been
repeatedly surveyed since Independence.
Records of the hydrological regime
of the main rivers are available at the National Institute for Water
Resources, since 1960 for the Zambezi river, and for more than one decade for
other rivers (see below).
The hydrographie system of the Mozambique Channel
is fairly well known.
RIVERS AND FRESH-WATER INPUT
Some 25 rivers reach the coast of Mozambique.
From north to south,
the major rivers are: the Rovuma, which marks the border with Tanzania, Lurio
and Zambezi to the north, Pungue-Buzi and Save in the Sofala Bay, and Limpopo,
Incomati and Maputo in Maputo Bay.
All major rivers rise to the west of the
territory, in neighbouring countries, on the African Veldt.
The headwaters
of the Limpopo lie on the margins of the Kalahari desert, the Save rises on
the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe and the Zambezi in the Angola-Zambia borderland.
The largest drainage basin is that of the Zambezi river, with its tributary, the
Shire, the outlet of lake Malawi.
The major discharge for all is from
December to March, the southern summer after the rainy season, and the lowest,
from June to November (Fig. 28). Large volumes of silt-laden fresh water are
released to the coastal zone, drastically reducing surface salinity of the
inshore waters, particularly off the major rivers, the Lurio, Zambezi and
Limpopo.
The diluted surface water is often seen to extend northward along
the coast, with the north-bound inshore counter-current.
The discharge of
such large volumes of fresh water, with its suspended matter and dissolved
nutrients, enhances the productivity in Sofala and Maputo Bays.
All river
estuaries are fringed with a dense mangrove vegetation, providing food and
shelter for juvenile fish and shrimps.
It is reported that the average silt
load of the Zambezi waters is 400 to 500 g"m-^ but no information could be
obtained about the silt load of other rivers.
MANGROVES
Mangroves are woody or shrubby plant species which occur along tropical
and sub-tropical coastlines, on low-energy muddy-sand beaches where freshwater
and sea water mix.
They have the ability to grow in a saline environment.
Luxurious mangrove forests stretch along the Mozambican coast, particularly on
the river estuaries. Their area is estimated at 850 km^.
Mangrove ecosystems in Mozambique have received much more attention than
any other coastal system.
Reports on their ecology and associated flora and
fauna are available for Inhaca island (Kalk, 1959; McNae and Kalk, 1969),
for Delagoa Bay (Schinz, 1889 and 1900), for Beira (Cott, 1929), the Morrumbene
estuary (Day, 1973, 1974 and 1975), Northern Mozambique (Kalk, 1959) and various
localities (Jacques, 1975).
Survey reports are given by Peters (1862-64),
Sim et al. (1909), Gomes e Sousa et_ al. (1943, 1951 and 1963), Pedro et^ al. (1955)
Donis (1959) and Cooke (1964).
- 11 -
Some 70 mangrove species occur in the world, at least 10 of which are
known from West Africa,
Four species grow on the coast of Inhaca island
and on the opposite mainland coast: Avicennia marina, Ceriops tagal,
Brugujera gymnorhiza and Rhizophora mucronata.
Mangroye trees are unique in their ability to cope with soil salinity
CSnedaker, not datedj.
One mechanism, exemplified by the Rhizophora sp.,
is a salt-excluding membrane in the root system.
The other mechanism,
exemplified by Avicennia, excretes the salts through the leaf stomata with
transpiration water.
Salt crystals are visible on the leaf surfaces.
Avicennia sp are termed the "white mangrove".
Each species develops better
in some optimum salinity zone.
The level of the water table and the tidal
amplitude govern their zonation.
Nutrients CSnedaker, op_. cit.) are supplied by the upstream terrestrial
water runoff. Mobilized and organized into plant material, they are subsequently
released as litter from the trees, the decomposition products of which are
ultimately carried down to the coastal zone by the tidal flushing system.
The productivity of mangroves is governed by the rate and amplitude of tidal
flushing, itself a function of the tidal and the topographic patterns.
Longer-term residence-time estuaries are more productive in fish than shorterterm ones.
This is directly related to the time allowed for organic debris
to undergo decomposition and remineralization.
Short-residence-time estuaries,
with an unrestricted communication to the sea are known for their lower inshore
fishery production.
In this process, particulate organic material plays an
important part. The decomposing leaves are eventually reduced to small
particles which become rapidly coated by attached micro-organisms, and acquire
a high nutritive value for estuarine filter-feeding organisms.
In addition to
soluble nutrients, such particles provide the basis for a detrital food web
which includes crustaceans and fish.
The mangrove ecosystem is highly diversified.
Numerous coastal marine
species are associated with it during part or all of their life cycle; They
include crustaceans and fish of economic value.
Shrimp species, such as
Penaeus indicus,P. semisulcatus, Metapenaeus monoceros, are believed to spawn
in the deeper sea, their young reaching the mangrove swamp where they feed
and develop.
There seems to be a direct correlation CSnedaker, £p_. cit.)
between, the fish and shrimp production in such coastal zones and the local area
in mangrove forests.
Beside being a highly diversified ecosystem enhancing
the productivity of the coastal zone, mangrove forests also provide protection
for the coastand a renewable, food and timber resource.
The protection of the mangrove forests along the Mozambique coast has
a direct bearing on the conservation and development of the fishery resources,
shrimps in particular.
Before the completion of the Cabora Bassa dam, an ecological survey of
the Zambezi valley was carried out in January 1974. Davies CAfr. Wildlife,
29 (2)) reports that during a low-level aerial survey of the delta and estuary,
it was noted that the mangrove was dying back from the seaward side.
In
places, 100 m strips of mangrove are reported to have died.
Whether this
was a result of the Kariba dam, which was completed in 1958, is not known.
It is, however, to be expected that any considerable alteration in the flow
regime of the Zambezi after damming will be reflected in the stability of the
- 12 -
mangroves along its delta, and consequently in the shrimp fisheries.
Satellite pictures and aerial photographs of the Zambezi delta are available
for 1973, 1976 and 1979.
The consultant was informed that sets of pictures
are to be found at the Forestry and Geology Services of the Ministry of Agriculture
and at the Geology Service of the Ministry of Industry.
The processing of
these surveys is urgently needed and a new survey should be carried out, from
the air and on land, to assess the trend of variation of the mangrove
ecosystem since the Cabora Bassa was closed in 1975. The earlier surveys
referred to above Csince Peters, 1862-64) should be carefully reviewed and
might provide an invaluable background to a long-term study of the evolution
of the mangroves of Mozambique.
THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
The continental shelf down to the 200 m isobath is about 70,000 km2
(Fig. 29). In the north, from Cape Delgado to the latitude of Mácala, it
is extremely narrow and steep, marked by sub-marine canyons, corresponding
to indentations of the coast, and with fringing reefs. The coral reefs
extend south along the coast to Angoche, from where they spread out to the sea.
The shelf widens to the south, becoming widest off Beira, in Sofala Bay.
An area of coral formations occurs at depths between 40 and 100 m between
the Zambezi Delta and Quelimane.
At depths less than 50 m, between 19°30'S
and 21°30'S, south of Beira, the bottom show an undulating profile, as
revealed by the echo recordings of the R.V. DR. FRITDJ0F NANSEN (Fig 29b).
This undulating character of the bottom is probably due to sand waves
generated by the strong tidal currents in the area.
The wavelength on the
echograms is between 200 and 400 m and the amplitude 10 to 20 m.
The shelf
narrows again between 22°S and 24°S, the latitude of Inhambane, only to widen
between this city and the Limpopo, and in Maputo Bay.
Several shallow banks
or seamoonts are found offshore.
From north to south; St. Lazarus Bank,
north-east of Pemba; Paisley Seamount, off Nacala, and Almirante Leite Bank,
east of Maputo.
The inshore central and southern part of the shelf is
mostly sand and silt with some rocky outcrops and coral patches.
Deeper than
150 m,the bottom is sandy or muddy.
TABLE II.
Area
Depth
Continental shelf of Mozambique, km2 (Saetre and Silva, 1979)
Sofala
Bazazuto
10-50m
38020
4240
4570
320
51-100m
7280
1350
3020
290
101-150m
490
960
1280
160
151-200m
490
960
1280
160
46380
7510
10150
930
10-200m
North from Sofala
6190
- 13 -
Delagoa
Inhaca
Total
71160
ç.-.
A
\ \
i * ""£/* * * " * I T V
*Ñ*
SURF A CE
CURRE.VT5
-
FEBRUARY
-
„ ^ -'£•
i-
20'
FIG 4:
Surface circulation of the Indian Ocean in
Februarv and August (according to Monatskarten
für den Indischen Ozean, Deutsches Hydrographisches
Institut 1960; (Wyrtki, 1973).
- 14 -
FIG 5.
Vector-mean currents for July.
T
-'15 -
FIG. 6:
Vector-mean Currents for January.
KT5
:o*
iO'S
- 16 -
FIG 7: Simplified T-S and T-02 diagram for the
Central Mozambique Channel.
(Silva et al., 1981).
S H»
IV
13.0
0j
153
J
20-
2m
»
- 17 -
m*'
i
34 .ou
.10
.20
.au
.40 :')-(..'in
c«
i.iiii
.]>'
.2"
.3"
. 4 0 :;."i.."i(i
i>.
"o
> •
.i* j i i . i m
.20
.30
.40 3 5 . 5 0
.60
.70
.80
.90 3li.0O
I
-2S-C
T - S CURVE
Station 6
-20
-24
-23
—21
-19
-18
-17
-IG
-15
-14
-13
-10
- 9
- 8
- 3
17'J!»
2288
2(i8!J
l
34.00
i
.10
.20
.30
l
.40 3 4 . 5 0
.60
.70
I
i
.80
.90 3.Ï.0O
.10
FIG 8: "Almirante Lacerda", April 1964, S. Mozambique Channel,
24056'S, 37°42'E. T-S relationship.
- 18 -
34.im
•2K-C
.10
.iv
..TÍI
.40 'i-i.")0 .i«)
:»•
.'¡í,.n(
T - S CURVE
Station 35
-2C
-24
-23
-21
•20
-19
•18
-15
-13
-12
-10
-
9
-
8
-
6
-
3
2413
/
_
34.00
FIG 9:
.10
.2i>
.30
.40 34.50
.<¡o
285H
;o " .so
,
.on ."JS.on
,
.10
.20
.so
.40 35.Ô0
GO
"Almirante Lacer_da"_, _April_1964_,_Inlet of Mozambique Channel,
16°00'S, 43°00~'E. T-S "relationship
- 19 -
.70
.80
-90 3li.ll»
-
:¡4.IHI
i>fc
.]"
.2"
.30
.40
3 4. ".> 11
r..
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4 0 :!ñ..'»(t
l>'
.7(1
T-S CURVE
Station.6
- 20
24
23
- 21
20
- 19
- 18
- 16
- 15
- 13
- 12
- 10
r- 9
-
8
-
3
§4.00
.10
«0
.30
.40
34.50
-60
.70
.80
.90
FIG 10: "Almirante Lacerda", September 1964. S. Mozambique Channel,
25°03'S, 37°39'E. T-S relationship
- 20 -
B>i
9 0 uli.lKI
:(4 (Hi
.10
.$>
.30
.40 -'U.jO
I.i.lHI
.fi"
-2vc
U
.10
.20
.3f
I
I
.40
.70
35.50
8"
I
.90 ;¡i;.oo
I
T-S CURVE
STATION 35
1-23
-21
(-20
1-19
-18
¿82
hJ6
hi»
h 14
380
h 13
h 12
h H
h lo
h 9
h 6
h 5
ll!)0!)
h s
V
I
34.00
.10
JO
.30
I
.40 34.50
.60
.70
401
.80
.90
I
3;>.00
I
.40 35.50
.10
20
FIG 11: "Almirante Lacerda", September 1964.
Inlet of Mozambique Channel, 15°52'S., 42°58'E.
T-S relationship
- 21 -
.50
.70
.80
I
.90 30.00
FIG
ST NO. Sf
12:
M
57
SI
3.U U
S»
KU»
«1
• TU
aw
30MJ
t
*C
S K>
Comandant Robert Giraud, 1960.
T°C and S10~3, 5-6 Augusr
N. from Pemba to St. Lazarius B.
ST »ML» M
36 IT
»
J» 14 (1 14
Comandant Robert Giraud, 1960.
T°C and S 10"3, 27 Jul - 1 August.
Across channel, latitude of Beira.
- 22 -
Comandant Robert Giraud, 19J30.
T°C and~~5"10-3, 2-4 August.
Across channel, latitude of Angoche
FIG 13:
ST »0 M . SI SI
Il SO
2000
250»
3000-1 » * C
Comandant Robert Giraud, 1962
T°C and S 10-3, 22-26 September,
Comandant Robert Giraud, 1962.
"TOC and S 10-3, 20-21 September.
s^Ku.17 n »
»*:
ç-s
n
s «
«o H as
i
HA, »?
wi»7
ST NO.
113 m n
n
n
n
« us ioi ios
Comandant Robert Giraud 1962.
-^rûG-and-S.40-3, 28-30 Septembe^- 23 -
Comandant Robert Giraud, 1962.
toc TcSTf I^à> ' 7-1?" "c£-. ^
FIG 14: Atlantis II 1963. T°C,S10-3, 02 ml/t-1 and PO4-P, PyM
Across channel, level of Maputo.
simm nv w nj at at m m m
- 24 -
FIG 15: Across Channel Inlet
ST NO 1)í
ILO
.25
' » •
112
-
"v.22-
^ 5 T • **-
'
J
i0
0
V-"'
^ $ 0
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A
y
y
hl
12
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2.0^.'02.2
3
I
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I
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2000
»00
1500
V
> *c
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o7 «-•
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JJM
Atlantis II, 1963. T°C,S10- 3 , 02 ml/i" 1 and
P O ^ P - p M — 5 - 6 October.
ST NO. 180
IS1 «2 «3 184
•=Ti5
A
~"\
> "
1
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^
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-s^y
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r
1.2
Oj mu"'
Atlantis II, 1965. T°C,S10-3, O2, ml/x-1 and
-T0?=?-ptrr-5-'8-Ma-yni
_.
-" 25 --
FIG 16:
ST NO. 2]
22
21
Across channel, 15°S. March 1983
13
M
^
Oj **-f
Vaubari, 1973. T°C,S10-3 and 02 ml/i-1.
E-W-Sac-tion-.—
- .—
- 26 -
S 10-3
Prom Delagoa Hay to
longitude 37°E.
1000-
P04-PyM
1200 J
Fig-17."
ERNST HAECKEL 1979. Section VI, 3-10 Mar.
- 27 -
ST NO til
fl r
¡ti.
.
M
M
,
23? 736
•
•
'
2JT » 4 !3t
•
'
'
i i'
•
¡2
• i
HO »M
'
1S2 /
' ' i — •
•
\
22
21
» -
ISO»
2500
3500
S
I
t -C
S
%.
level of Maputo
Across channel
M
—
*
—
•
—
*
POv.O
—
•
*
.
.
.
.
.
y»
FIG 18: Atlantis II, 1965. T°C,S10-3, ml/l"1 and P04-PuM, 17-20 June
- 28 -
3A
«22*
m
T
•-
. i . . •••
'
i
36
'
i . . i . . i . . i . . i .
1
FIG 19:
i • ' i "• i • ' i • »
Surface temperature (°C) September 1977.
- 29 -
> i • » i • i i »
l_l_l_
'' I ' ' ' ' ' I
I ' • I ' ' I ' ' I' ' I I • I ' I I I I I
FIG 20: Surface Salinity (10 -3 ) September 1977
- 30 - •
10S!
2
'
•
•
'
-
-
'
•
•
12!
14«.
16Ï
18*.
20«.
22t
24».
MAPI
26*..
• » ' * i ' ' i • ' | • • i • ' |
I » • i ' • | ' • i • ' | ' • i • ' i • • i ' • |
FIG 21: Surface temperature (°C) November 1977
-'31 -
• I'' (
FIG 22: Surface salinity (10-3) November 1977
- T? -
I I I
28.0
I ' ' i• • i
FIG 23: Surface temperature (°C) February 1978
- 33 -
• I ' M "
«EL
12!
Uí
16?
18«.
20?
22«.
24».
340
MAPUTO
26»...
I
• i
i
•
'
l
• '
i
'
'
i
• '
i
'
•
FIG 24: Surface salinity (10-3) February-March 1978
- 34 -
i
• '
i • '
i
•
'
i
• •
i
i
i
i
I «• I •• I I I I I I II i I
FIG 25: Surface temperature (°C) April-June 1978
- 35 -
I2'
10
3i*
121
14'
16'
18'
20«.
22».
2i'
MAPUTO,
2S!
I •' ' ' 'I
I.
I
I
I
'
•
i
FIG 26: Surface salinity (10-3) April-June 1978.
- 36 -
• '
|
• < i • •
|
i
• i
• • |
i
i
|
i
i
Fig. 27».. ERNST HAECKEL 1980,July.
A) Surface salinity.
B) Secchi depth (m). - 37
• 18
Incomati R
1
1 Lurio R
1
"ioV
1955-56
1
.12
I
1975-77
1979-80
1
1
10
'
1952-53
\
8
• 6
1
Pungue R
\
4 J
.2J
1953-54
\
1977-78
i
ON
DJ
FMA MJ J A S
ON
OJ
i
i
i
»
i
i
F M AMJJ AS
Fig. 28. Fresh water input of the main rivers
Limpopo R
. ioV
Save R
.14
1960-51
A
\
J2
'
1951-52
1975-76
1974-75
/
1 0
.
8
'
5
/
/
/
4/
»
/
- 38 -
. loV
12
/I
• 10
'
8
Buzi R
14 years
/ J
/
6/
Maputo R
1952-53
1976-77
•
Pig.
28, b .
- 39 -
34»
'i
38»
•
I
I
I
i i i i i i
FIG 29: Bathymétrie map of the sea bed off Mozambique
- 40 -
• iV '; :- í
'
»
•
•
'
•
.
.
•
•
•
.
.
*
• , ;
»S*-'"
.
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-
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r
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i-
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r
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V.
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Fig.
i
• ..;v;.-
i•
v
'I
i"'"'
•
t
' ,-'.* '• .
UV
•.-•:•.•:'!*•*,-•'•;;
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. ', ' O .
1
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-••'••-.^.V.'«-1
.
.-• A
•
'•
'
¡i
l
••'
'-'A
29b - Echo recording from Sofala Bank.
- 41 -
-vr>;.:.
•
Ill
IMPACT OF THE CABORA BASSA DAM
THE ZAMBEZI RIVER
The Zambezi is the fourth largest river basin in Africa.
With its
tributaries, it drains the entire south central region of the continent,
an area of 1.29 million km2.
From its source in Zambia on the Central
African Plateau, it meanders for over 3540 kilometres to discharge in the
Indian Ocean.
Historically, the river provided a navigable trade artery to
the African interior for the Arabs in the 10th century and for the Portuguese
from the 16th century onward.
It crosses the Mozambique border at Feira,
to reach the ocean after 830 kilometres, 560 of which are below the Cabora
Bassa dam wall.
On the Mozambique plain, its valley spreads out in places
to a width of 5 to 8 kilometres. Near Vila Fontes, the river receives its
last greatest tributary, the Shire river, which drains Lake Malawi.
At
its mouth, the river splits into a wide, marshy delta obstructed by sand bars.
There are two main channels, each again dividing into two.
Its delta is
crowned by an extensive mangrove vegetation.
The delta front exceeds
60 km in length.
Two dams have been erected across the Zambezi river, the Kariba
and the Cabora Bassa.
The purpose of damming large rivers is to generate hydro-electric
power, to regulate their flow regime, and to store the surplus flood water
in an artificial lake instead of it overflowing to the sea.
Following its
impoundment, the Nile outflow to the Mediterranean decreased to 6-7%,
causing a dramatic drop in the coastal zone resources.
Unlike the Nile, the
Zambezi output was not reduced, but the flow regime was altered.
The Kariba dam, about 300 miles up-river from the Cabora Bassa,. became
operational in 1958., creating the third-largest man-made lake in Africa, between
Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Lake Kariba covers an area of 5200 km2.
It stretches
for 280 km and is 32 km across at its widest.
At normal level, its
greatest depth reaches 130 m.
The dam was built without adequate knowledge
of its ecological impact on the river below, and except for some survey work
mainly on the river fishes, little biological information was obtained.
The residence time of water in Kariba Lake is three years.
The Cabora Bassa dam was closed on December 5, 1974. After completion
of the dam, the outflow of the river was deliberately cut off during
February 1975 to allow the Cabora Bassa basin to fill up.
The most
important features of the lake are summarized in Table III.
It can be seen
from the data that the residence time of water in the lake is one year.
- 42 -
TABLE III.
Some data on lake Cabora Bassa
Date of closing
December 1974
Geographical position
30°25'E - 32o44'E/Ï5o29'S - 16°00'S
Altitude
326 m
Direction of main axis
E-W
Direction of prevailing wind
SE-NW
Height of the wall
171 m
Length
270 km
Shoreline
1000 km
Greatest width
38 km
Water level at maximum capacity (AMSL)
326 m
Total area at maximum capacity
2740 km2
Area under 20 m depth
51%
Maximum depth
157 m
Average depth
26 m
Volume
62.2 km3
Annual outflow
62.2 km3
Average surface temperature
24°C
FLOW REGIME
The annual outflow from 1960-61 to 1980-81 and the mean monthly outflow
for 1960-61 to 1974 and from 1975 to 1980 are shown on Figure 30. From
the season of minimal rainfall, the outflow rose steadily until a peak was
reached in February-March, declining rapidly afterwards.
The amplitude
over one year cycle recorded at Matundo, below the Cabora Bassa gorge, was
considerable: from 2-3 x 109m3 per month in September-October to about
13 x 109 in March (Fig. 31). The actual volume input to the sea, however,
cannot be inferred from these data, since part of the river water was lost
before reaching the ocean, through irrigation, evaporation and transpiration.
Just before the delta, however, the lower Zambezi receives an additional
input from the Shire tributary.
As mentioned above, the river outflow was completely stopped for
3 weeks in February 1975, but the normal rate was soon restored in the
following month.
The monthly pattern for the six years following the
impoundment, however, shows several distinctive features (Fig 31).
1.
The outflow rate (1975-1981) ranged from 0.00 to 17145 m 3 s- 1
in the pre-impoundment years, 1960 to 1974, it ranged from
310 to 11566 m3s~l.
The average rate increased from 2522 m3s-l
to 2630 m^s-l after its impoundment.
- 43 -
The monthly amplitude is now more reduced, 5.3 to 12 x 10'm^
per month.
From December to July, it is much more even than
in the pre-impoundment years, except for the February drop,
fluctuating between 9.3 and 11 x lO^m-* per month (Fig. 31).
The total yearly outflow past Matundo is of the same order
if not significantly higher than, in the years preceding the
damming.
From 1960 to 1974 it ranged from 40 to 126 x 109m3
per year and from 1975 to 1981 from 67 to 168 x lO^nH per year.
The flow regime between 1960 and 1981 appears to have followed
a cyclic trend, with peak floods every 4 to 6 years.
It rose
to abrupt peaks in 1963, 1969, 1974 and 1978 (Fig. 30). The
1978 peak was the highest in 20 years.
THE MARINE FISHERIES
Three types of fisheries are practiced in Mozambique, traditional
or subsistence, artisanal or semi-industrial and industrial fisheries.
Traditional fishermen" number about 20,000.
They use small dug-outs
or planked boats, 2 to 5 m in length, the "casquinha" the "coche" and
the "almadia".
Bamboo rafts were used until recently in Maputo bay, the
"Chi-tataru".
Their fishing activity is restricted to within three miles
of the shore, using beach seines, gill nets, hand lines and weirs. When
not consumed fresh, the fish are sun-dried, salted or smoked.
Their
landings were estimated to be about 25,000 tonnes in 1981.
Motor-boats, 14 to 20 m in length, are used by the artisanal or
semi-industrial fleet.
Its fishing gear consists of hand lines, trawl nets
and gill nets.
Their means of conserving the fish are still unsatisfactory.
Industrial fisheries introduced in 1965, concentrate on shrimps and,
to a lesser extent, on lobsters. Most vessels are double-rigged freezer
trawlers manned by 16 to 20 men.
Beside the government-owned "Efripel"
company, licensed Soviet and Spanish trawlers have been fishing off Mozambique.
It is recognised that fishery statistics are still unreliable and
only indicative.
In addition, official statistics are missing for the
traditional or artisanal fisheries.
The estimated landings, however,
show a steady increase from 1961 to 1980 (Table IV) in spite of some
fluctuations in 1975 and 1977-78. This increase results from the increased
fishing effort following the introduction of motor-boats.
The yield, however,
is still very low, considering the extent of the continental shelf and the
estimated resources.
- 44 -
TABLE IV :
Year
Estimates of total and crustacean landings based on FAQ
Statistical Yearbook and on "Basic Fishery Statistics in
Mozambique (Anon).
Crustacean landings
Total L
1965
599
1966
1019
4181
5347
1967
1037
5047
1968
1070
5707
1969
1125
7028
1970
1128
7634
1971
2554
10423
1972
2689
10413
1973
3442
13338
1974
6672
15655
1975
4339
11486
1976
4822
14900
1977
13950
1978
12940
1979
15000
Estimates of the potential fish resources of the continental shelf
of Mozambique vary within a wide range. As part of the FAO Indian Ocean
Programme, the R.V. PROFESSOR MEASYATSEV carried out fishery investigations
along the coast of Mozambique in January-February 1976 and in August 1977.
Using a combination of acoustic methods and catch rate, Burczynski (1976)
gives a total stock size of 181 thousand tonnes.
Owing to bad weather
conditions, the stock size in Delagoa Bay was probably much underestimated.
From the same investigations, Birkett (1978) presented some abundance
estimates based on the "swept area" method for Sofala Bay and Delagoa Bay:
220,000 tonnes for January and 103,300 tonnes for August 1977. From
24 August 1977 to 20 June 1978 an expedition was carried out with the
Norwegian R.V. DR FRIDTJOF NANSEN to survey the fishing potential of the
waters adjacent to Mozambique (Saetre and Silva, 1979).
The estimates obtained
are summarized in the following Table V.
It should be noted that the stock
size presented is the maximum observed and that the data are given by the
authors as the result of approximations rather than of accurate calculations.
The mesopelagic fish stock, estimated as 1 million tonnes, consists
mainly of lantern fish which are widely distributed in the northern Indian
Ocean.
This group, however, is not believed to represent any immediately
significant resource.
- 45 -
TABLE V;
Summary of the marine fishery resources of Mozambique (.thousand
tonnes) (Saetre and Silva, 1979)
Maximum
Stock size
Present
Catch
Maximum potential
yield
DEMERSAL FISH
St. Lazarus Bank
Rest of the coast
10
200
0
30
300
300
0
30
0.5
2-3
300
150
0
1000
1
50
PELAGIC FISH
Anchovies
Other small pelagics
Larger pelagics
Sharks
MESOPELAGIC FISH
?
1000
?
?
CRUSTACEANS
Shallow-water shrimps
Deep-water shrimps*)
Spiny lobsters
Crayfish
16
0.5-1
1
0.1-0.5
12
0.5
0.1
7
15
7
0.3
7
REEF FISH
?
7
5-10
INSHORE FISH
?
7
5-10
*)includes only the stock south of Bazaruto Island.
In. addition to fin-fish and crustaceans, shell-fish and holothurians
contribute, to the resources.
A list of the commercial species, with their
scientific and vernacular names, is given in Annex 1.
A catalogue of the
fish- of the Mozambique-South. Zone was recently published by the Institute
of Fishery Investigations CSousa and Dias, 1981).
The possibility of a long-term deleterious effect of the regulation of
the Zambezi river on the marine living resources is a matter of much concern
to the country.
The drastic reduction In the shrimp, the pelagic and demersal
fish, resources off the Nile delta following the completion of the Aswan
High Dam, stands as a disquietening example.
The two cases, however,
are hardly comparable, the ecosystems being fundamentally different, and
the Zambezi fresh-water output was not reduced by damming, as happened
with the Nile, though the flow regime was altered.
Any attempt to assess the impact of the Cabora Bassa dam on the coastal
zone and the living marine resources in Mozambique is faced with constraints
resulting mainly from the lack of reliable information.
No baseline information is available on the ecosystem of the coastal zone,
in particular, the nutrient salts, the phytoplankton and Zooplankton
production and dynamics of the river delta before and after the damming.
- 46 -
It should be mentioned here that an extensive collection of plankton has
been carried out during the expedition of the R.V. DR FRITDJOF NANSEN from
August 1977 to June 1978. The collection is kept at the Fisheries
Directorate in Maputo and still awaits sorting and processing.
Reliable statistics on the total fish catch, as well as on the catch
per unit effort, before the damming, are not available to compare with the
present yield.
The fact that the continental shelf resources are anyway by far underexploited results in an additional uncertainty.
Fluctuations in the fish
stock would not reflect on the fisheries yield as long as there remains a
large stock surplus available.
If this is true in general terms, however,
it might not be so for a particular population in a restricted area, such
as the shrimp stock on the Sofala Bank.
The Shrimp Fishery as an Index of Possible Alterations in the Coastal Zone.
The species composition of the shrimp population, its biological
characteristics, standing stock and yield per unit effort have been investigated
for Sofala Bank and the area north of the Zambezi delta (Saetre and Silva,
1978: Ulltang et_ al. 1980; and Ulltang, 1981).
The shrimp fishery's
yield, therefore, can provide an index of the environmental alterations over
several years.
In 1977, a first preliminary assessment of the shallow-water prawn stocks
in Sofala Bay was made, based on logbook data from part of the fishing
fleet, the "Efripel" trawlers, for the years 1974^76. The estimates of
Ulltang et_ al. (1980) are as follows:
Estimated shrimp catches from 1968 to 1973, Sofala bank (Freitas and
Aranjo, in Ulltang eit a^, 1980)
Year
Catch (tonnes)
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
41
232
472
1651
1746
2880
Estimated shrimp catches for the years 1974 to 1976 (Ulltang ^t al.1980)
Year
1974
1975
1976
Catch (tonnes
5651
5408
4822
The catch consists mainly of Penaeus indicus, followed by P_. monoceros
and P_. monodon. Figures 34 and 35 show the total catch per hour of trawling
and the catch per hour of trawling for the three main species from 1974 to
1976 and 1977 to mid-1980. Looking at both figures, it appears that the
1979 level is above the 1974-1975 to 1976.
There was also a significant
increase in 1976 and 1977. The factors causing fluctuations in the
recruitment are not clear; nor is what should be considered as the normal
level.
What comes out of this comparative analysis, however, is that the
closing of the dam in 1975 does not seem to have had a significant impact
on the shrimp fishery's yield.
- 47 -
CONCLUSIONS
The.total yearly fresh-water input of the Zambezi River to the coastal
zone remains unaltered by dams, but its flow regime tends to be more even.
No information could be obtained on the water quality and the silt load
before and after damming.
The silt load, however, appears to be still
high, judging by the extent of the large area of high turbidity north and
south of the river delta.
The fishery resources are clearly under-exploited, as shown by all
estimates of the potential resources of the coastal zone of Mozambique.
With the increased fishing effort in recent years, the total landings have
also increased.
The total yield of the fisheries, therefore, can provide
no indication of a possible impact of the damming of the Zambezi on the
resources.
The shrimp fisheries on Sofala bank can provide a sensitive index of
any environmental alterations.
Up to mid-1980 however, there is no
evidence of detrimental alterations.
- 48 -
180
•
1978
160
' 10 V
140
1969
1963
120
1974
100
80
60
40
ZAMBEZr
20
R
1960-61
1980-81
0
i,i
i
i
i—i
P i g . 3 0 . Total annual input.
1960-1974.
13 V
12
loV
1975 - 1980
11
10
-9
8
7
6
5
4
3
N
0
Pig. 3 1 . Plow pattern.
- 49 -
arm
Fig. 32
Cabora Bassa Dam Profile
- 50 -
Y.;K¿*c¡n
"-s©-*
~*:
'i-5-P*fesi*Ci^«i»
m
f M •"•.-•
'fc"-^"-•î "fuM^**-
\
FIG' 33 : A view of the dam and the lake
-51 -
% '
- I I 000
•10000
• 1000
• 000
»0-
-
7 000
TOTAl
«000
S 000
M. M O N O C C B O S
i 000
/ V - / \ '-'
i
?
I
l
t
i
I
«
I
«
l
F I
w
I
a
I
•
P.
IHOICUS
•
P. MONOOON
I I
J
t
«
*
i
o
u
j
UTS
*
t
i
io
ii M O N T H
1*7«
FIG 34: Total catch per hour of trawling and catch per hour of
trawling for the three Inain specTei", "by^montn forr~tTïë_pëfioa
1974-1976.
The right hand ordinate shows the corresponding
stock size estimates using "the-"Swept area"" method.
"*~
- 52 -
„1S000
160,
140.
•
-.
U04
TOTAL
.uooc
P. ÍNOICUS
M.MONOCEROS
.13000
P. HONOOON
130.
.12000
120
.11000
HO.
.10000
i 00.
.9000;:
ui
z
«000 §
so
e
Sec
e
«Ü 7C.
ef
t 60.
. SO
:
t 0
' 30.
-
20
10
MONTH
TEAR
• »""«
J T M A M J J A S O N O
1977
J F MA MJ J Á S Ó N Ó J F M Á M J J Á S Ó N Ó Í F M A M J
j
1978
1979
1980
FIG 35: Shallow-water prawns, Sofála Bank.
Total catch per hour of
-"trawling for-the -"three main -species y by-month fut Lhe period
January 1977 - June 1980 (data for 1980 are preliminary).
-The right-itand—ordinate—shows-the—corr-espending—s~tock size estimates using the "swept area" method
- 53 -
IV
MAN - POWER AND INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE
HISTORICAL
Knowledge of the marine environment and the marine resources in
Mozambique, as well as other former Portuguese colonies in Africa, was
derived at first from the works of Portuguese scientists on short-term missions.
The collected samples and the observations recorded were subsequently
processed in Protugal.
Investigations were also carried out from various
research vessels which operated in the Mozambique Channel or by foreign
scientists on scientific expeditions.
Most of the earlier works dealt with
faunistic and ichthyological surveys.
Since Independence, however, the
physical oceanography of the channel and the potential resources of the coastal
waters, especially the shrimp stock, have received more attention.
In 1936, the Portuguese Government set up a co-ordination committee,
the Committee for Geographical Missions and Colonial Research (Junta das
Missoes Geográficas e de Investigaço'es Coloniais, JMGIC) .
In 1955, a multidisciplinary institute was created, the Institute of
Scientific Research of Mozambique (Instituto de Investigaçâo Científica de
Moçambique, IICM).
In the years 1962-1963, General University Studies
were initiated at "Lourenço Marques", to be developed in 1970 into the
University of Lourenço Marques.
A permanent mission, the Mission for Bio-Oceanography and Fishery
Studies in Mozambique, was set up in 1966 and remained active until 1974.
This mission was replaced by the Fisheries Directorate.
In 1973, the JMGIC or Committee for Geographical Missions and Colonial
Research became the Committee for Overseas Scientific Research, (Junta de
Investigates Científicas do Ultramar, JICU) . It is only -since 1955,
therefore, that research activities in Mozambique have acquired a certain
autonomy through the Institute of Scientific Research, and, later, the University
instead of remaining entirely dependent on Lisbon.
THE UNIVERSITY OF EDUARDO M0NDLANE
The University of Lourenço Marques, now Eduardo Mondlane University, was
created in 1963 under the colonial regime.
The great majority of the students
were of Portuguese extraction.
On Independence in 1976, the number of
•University students fell from 3000 to 700 the following year.
As a result, and
with the dramatic shortage in elegible secondary-school graduates, the very
existence of the University became problematic.
The Government, however,
decided to maintain the University studies, but in accordance with the
country's priorities at this stage.
The recruitment of the students and their
orientation are decided at the level of the Ministries of Planification and
of Education.
At present, the University has the following faculties:
Agronomy, Veterinary, Medicine, Science (Physics, Chemistry, Geology),
Biology (discontinued since 1979), Engineering, Arts, Education and Law.
- 54 -
The B.Sc. courses in Biology were discontinued in 1979, and are to be
resumed in 1984. All teaching staff at the University are expatriates on
long or short-term contracts. The teaching language is Portuguese. A
number of secondary school graduates have been sent on study missions to
east European countries, such as Bulgaria and the USSR.
TABLE VI
Study Missions in Foreign Countries
Starting date of mission
1981
1982
1983
1984
Speciality
Biology
Chemistry
5
5
6
6
5
6
7
7
Physics
5
6
7
7
Mathematics
5
7
9
9
Faculty of Biology
The Faculty of Biology was established in 19.66-1967.
a Centre CDepartment) of Ecology.
The Faculty includes
Premises: There are teaching laboratories to accommodate about 40 students and
several staff laboratories each of ahout 12 m^.
The Faculty museum displays
a large collection of terrestrial and marine specimens, all of them well
preserved, classified and labelled.
The marine specimens comprise several
hundred species- of lamellihranchs., corals, crustaceans and fish.
A collection
of about 25 thousand plant specimens is kept in the Faculty herbarium, but
only a few are marine.
Small aquaria for f resh.-water fish are kept in one
of the staff laboratories, and a large aquarium contains fiddler crabs ÇUca sp)
raised for bioassay experiments on water quality.
The Faculty library
comprises about 40Q text books and one periodical, all of them in English,
which, limits their accessibility to the students. Microscopes are available
for 3Q students.
In addition to its central premises, the Faculty owns an important
Marine Station located on Inhaca island, in Maputo Bay.
The ecological
sites of this Island and the facilities afforded by the station are described
elsewhere.
Teaching Staff; The qualified staff at the Faculty of Biology consists of
four expatriates, only one.of them being a marine biologist.
Curricula and Graduates; Until 1975, the Faculty was structured on a five-year
curriculum; three years in basic biological disciplines and two for
specialisation in Education or an optional biological discipline.
Almost all
- 55 -
the graduates before 1975 were Portuguese and left the country on Independence,
only five of them joining the Fisheries Directorate.
From 1976 to 1979, one
group of 10 students graduated from the Faculty, after following a shortened
3-year curriculum, 4 of them in General Ecology.
The latter were appointed
to the Fisheries Directorate as junior Fishery Biologists, but at the Directorate
and the Faculty there is a general feeling that their level is unsatisfactory.
The possibility of their following complementary courses has been put forward
by the consultant and agreed upon by the concerned authorities.
As mentioned earlier, the Biology and Ecology Studies were discontinued
in 1979 and are to be resumed in 1984. New curricula have been set up by
the consultant in co-operation with the staff of the Faculty (Annexes 2 and
3), for submission to the University before resumption of the courses.
No graduates in Biology or Ecology are to be expected before 1988-1989.
THE FISHERIES INSTITUTIONS
In 1976 the Missao de Estudio Bioceanologica de Pescas de Moçambique
(MEBPM) , established by the colonial authorities, was replaced by a National
Fisheries Directorate (Direçao Nacional de Pescas) within the Ministry of
Commerce and Industry.
At a later stage, a Secretariate of State for
Fisheries was established.
The inland fisheries remain the responsibility
of the Ministry of Agriculture.
The Fisheries Directorate is responsible for the management and
development of marine fisheries, at the industrial and at the artisanal
level, and for fishery investigations.
It encompases three major services:
(i)
The Directorate for Industrial Fisheries, responsible for
the national sector or "Emopesca", at Angoche, Beira and
Quelimane, and for the bilateral joint ventures, "Efripel"
with Spain, "Pescamar" with Japan and "Mesopesca" with the
URSS.
(ii)
The Directorate for Small-scale or Artisanal Fisheries with
its fishing complexes at Ibo, Matangula and Moma.
(iii) The Institute for Fisheries Development (Instituto de
Desenvolvimento Pesqueiro, IDP).
The Fisheries Directorates are supplemented by service and logistics
units, including technology and quality control.
A Training Centre for Fisheries was established in Matóla in May 1978
with the assistance of FAO.
Its objective is the training and development
of personnel at the level of master fishermen and mechanics.
FAO provides training experts (FAO project MOZ/77/001) and NORAD
provides assistance in the form of navigational equipment.
The activities of the fisheries institutions are carried out with
considerable bilateral and international assistance at all levels.
- 56 -
Institute of Fisheries Investigations (IDP)
The activities of this Institute are directly related to the country's
needs and developmental objectives.
They comprise the monitoring and
assessment of the fishery resources, particularly the shrimp and lobster
fisheries, the pelagic and demersal fisheries.
The IDP is also involved
in the processing and analysis of the océanographie data collected during
cruises of foreign océanographie vessels in Mozambican waters.
The available laboratory space consists of four 16 to 18 m^ laboratories
and a 25 m^ library.
The national scientific staff is limited to five
fishery biologists.
All of them are graduates of 1976 from the Faculty of
Biology.
The IDP has a quality control and sampling centre or "Delegation" at
Beira and a smaller one at Quelimane.
The IDP library includes 150 journals and about 1500 books.
The
periodicals and the text-books are up to date and directly relevant to the
activities of the service.
The recent FAO and Unesco technical reports and
workshop reports pertaining to marine sciences and marine resources are also
available.
The institute publishes the results of its investigations in its own
journal, the Revista de Investigaçoes Pesqueras.
Man-power : It consists of 5 senior fishery biologists who graduated in
1976 from the Faculty of Biology, one quality control technologist and one
fish-gear technologist.
The planned activities of the Institute in the
coming years were estimated to require 28 new scientific staff.
These requirements, however cannot be met by the University before
1989, since B.Sc teaching has been discontinued and will only be resumed
in 1984.
Short-term and long-term fishery research priorities:
(i)
Assessment of marine resources; shallow water shrimp; spiny
lobster; small pelagic fish; demersal traw fishery stocks and
by-catch of shrimp fisheries.
(ii)
Environmental studies and physical oceanography.
(iii)
Fishing gear and experimental fishing.
(iv)
Fish handling and processing
(v)
Marine aquaculture
- 57 -
Institute of Scientific Research
The Institute of Scientific Research of Mozambique, like its
homologue in Angola, was created in 1955. At present, the Institute is
affiliated to the University as a central library and a co-ordination
centre for the Faculty libraries.
Its library is well indexed and receives a
large number of periodicals in basic science and in marine biology.
The
Institute however suffers from the general lack of trained personnel. A
request for support to upgrade the Institute library was submitted to Unesco
in December 1982. Three projects proposed:
(i)
consultant for the improvement of the library system;
(ii)
a training course for librarians, and
(iii) consultant-expert for the lay-out of a building plan for a new
University Central Library.
Institute of Agronomic Research
This Institute is affiliated to the Ministry of Agriculture.
It has
eight departments: Soils and Water; Experimentation and Crop Breeding;
Fertilizers; Systematic Botany; Pastures; Pest Control; Chemistry, Food
Analysis? and Agrochmatology.
The technical staff is unevenly distributed.
The Department of Soils
and Water has enough staff, but qualified staff is still wanting for most
other Departments, particularly in the fields of entomology, phytopathology,
systematic botany and chemistry.
The Institute has an excellent herbarium and a museum of tropical and
equatorial plants from Mozambique.
The collection is well looked after and
continuously enriched.
- 58 -
V
INHACA MARINE RESEARCH STATION
BACKGROUND
The Station is part of the. Eduardo Mondlane University.
Created in
1952, it remains the only marine station of its kind between Zanzibar and
Durban..
It has been regularly used in the past by the University of
Witwatersrand, South Africa, for teaching classes of students and for marine
research.«
The station provides facilities for groups of students from
neighbouring countries, such as Zimbabwe and Botswana.
It is used at
present by the E.M. University at Maputo for teaching and training secondaryschool teachers in terrestrial and marine ecology.
A young Mozambican
biologist resides permanently at the station.
The staff of the Faculty of
Biology are aware of the importance of this Station and contribute actively
to the protection and to the study of the sites on the island.
The Station provides housing facilities for 40 students and 6 visiting
staff (Table VII).
There are three laboratires, a museum, a herbarium,
a small library and two outboard fiher-glass boats. Fresh water is provided
by 4 electric water pumps, and power, hjr two generators.
Building repairs,
laboratory and ancillary equipment, however, are badly needed (Table VIII).
The interest of the Station resides in the proximity of several almost
untouched tropical coastal systems.
Its scientific importance is greatly
enhanced by the existence of detailed studies of the island's marine fauna
and flora and of a vast reference collection in the museum and herbarium.
The availability of the reference collection and of the scientific documentation
Is of capital importance for the development of marine research and training
at the University.
THE OCEANOGRAPHIC SETTING OF INHACA ISLAND
The island of Inhaca forms part of the barrier between the bay of Maputo
or Delagoa bay and the Indian Ocean.
The bay itself is formed from the
confluence of four rivers: The Maputo to the south, the Umbeluzi to the west,
and two others, the TembrI and the Matóla joining to form an estuary, the
Estuario do Rio Espirito Santo.
The bay is shallow, most of it not
exceeding a depth of 10 m.
Its eastern boundary is formed by a peninsula,
the tip of which Is cut off to form the island of Inhaca.
The spit formed
by the peninsula prolonged by islands and sand banks is similar to other northpointing spits along the coast of Mozambique, formed by sand deposition from
the Inshore northward countercurrent.
The southward-moving Mozambique
current, originating in the northern Mozambique channel from the South
Equatorial current, runs along the continental slope.
It generates an inshore
current between itself and the coast flowing In the opposite direction.
This countercurrent is of a lower temperature than the Mozambique current.
The waters on the eastern oceanic coast of Inhaca island are therefore cooler
than those of the bay.
Large daily temperature variations are associated
with the tides. At Inhaca, the average tidal range at spring tides is
3,3 i; as the tide, flows, cooler water comes in from the ocean and a drop of
4-5° C in the. temperature has been observed.
The oceanic water east of the
island has a salinity of 35.0-35.2 10~3, except during the flood season of
the Ihcomati river on the north of Maputo bay, in February-March.
The
- 59 -
estuarine outflow within the bay does not usually reach the island.
The
salinity on the flats is affected by evaporation during low tides, but there
is also much seepage of freshwater on to the beach.
The line of seepage is
indicated by the presence of a characteristic green turbellarian worm,
Convoluta macnaei. The salinity in the mangrove channels is very variable
between 8 10_;3 and 42 10~3, owing to evaporation, seepage and rainfall.
THE COASTAL SYSTEMS AT INHACA ISLAND
Inhaca island is so far unaffected by pollution and, as a natural
marine park, it remains fairly protected from human interference.
Its
high scientific interest for research and training on the coastal systems
derives not only from the richness and diversity of its tropical and subtropical fauna and flora but also from the variety of ecosystems, habitats
and coastal processes it displays. Around the northern and southern
bays of the island, where wave action is minimal on muddy sand flats, with
fresh-water drainage mixing with sea water, luxuriant mangrove associations
are found.
The composition of the substratum, the water table and the tidal
level combine to distribute the four mangrove species into zones.
Each of
these is paralleled with associated microflora and crustaceans.
The coral
reefs at Inhaca, at 26° south are the southernmost reefs in East Africa.
They offer the opportunity to study the composition and dynamics of this
tropical community at its environmental limit.
Of the approximately 500
coral species known to exist in the Indian Ocean basin, 137 have been
recognized from Inhaca and are represented in the Station reference collection.
Although the reefs appear to be continuously extending, with the appearance
of new unrecorded species, they are partly subject to onshore erosion.
Sand flats are uncovered at ebb-tide exposing eel grasses with associated
algae and invertebrates.
The eel grasses are represented by eight species
of distinct zonation.
Two of them, (Cymodocea serrulata and £. rotunda)
are at their southernmost limit.
Flowering and fruit formation occur more
commonly on the warmer western side.
The small harbour of Inhaca island is
also one of the main fishing centres on Maputo Bay.
The daily landings
of fish catch can provide material for the study of fish biology and composition
in the bay.
ROLE OF INHACA MARINE RESEARCH STATION AS A NATIONAL AND SUB-REGIONAL CENTRE
FOR EDUCATION AND RESEARCH IN MARINE SCIENCES.
The ecological interest of the island of Inhaca, the housing and laboratory
facilities provided by the Station, in addition to the existence of large
reference collections and of a large body of information accumulated since
1950, contribute to make of this Station a perfectly suited centre for field
training and research, at the national and sub-regional levels.
At the National Level
The Station will have a central function in the E.M. University plans
to develop Marine Science and Marine Resource Studies. While lecturing
can take place on the University premises, field and laboratory training
will be mostly performed at the Station.
Regular monthly trips will be
organized as a part of the curriculum and in particular on the following
topics:
- 60 -
(i)
marine chemistry
(ii)
the biota, algae, sea-grasses, plankton, intertidal invertebrates.
(iii) ichthyology,fish biology, fishing activities
(iv)
the ecosystems and the various habitats, mangroves, corals,
intertidal flats, rocky shores.
At a later stage, candidates for higher study degrees, the "licenciatura"
will carry on their theses research projects at the Station.
Such research
projects can fit into the research programme elaborated by the Faculty staff
and outlined elsewhere.
At the Sub-regional Level
Students of several inland Universities, particularly from neighbouring
land-locked countries, such as Swaziland, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Malawi,
have no access to the ocean and no oportunity to become familiar with marine
life and the marine environment.
The study of marine invertebrates and of marine algae is part of the
curriculum of Biological Sciences, Zoology and Botany.
Students in basic
science, including General Ecology, will be able to observe and study the
living organisms in their environment at Inhaca.
The Station will also
provide facilities for staff members and research workers from inland
universities wishing to further their experience in marine sciences or to
carry on research projects.
The reference collection at the Station will
enable such staff members to collect and identify specimens of the marine
biota for educational purposes at their respective universities.
It is strongly recommended, therefore, that the possibility of an
agreement be explored between the parties concerned to raise the capabilities
of the Inhaca Marine Research Station to a level allowing it to serve as a
sub-regional training and research centre for the countries of Central Africa
and possibly of the western Indian Ocean.
The main objective should be
the organization of yearly regional training courses on tropical coastal
ecosystems.
CURRENT AND PROSPECTIVE ACTIVITIES OF THE CENTER OF ECOLOGY, FACULTY OF
BIOLOGY AT INHACA STATION
The Centre of Biology, which is in charge of the Station and of the
monitoring of Inhaca reserves, has elaborated proposals for the activities
to be carried out at this Station.
The proposals were discussed by the
Director and staff of the Faculty with the consultant.
They deal with three
complementary areas.
(i)
research projects
(ii)
field work for university students and teachers, in training,
including furthering the reference collection and herbarium, and
(iii) conservation and monitoring of reserves.
- 61 -
The stated objectives are as follows:
(a)
To investigate the least known habitat of the island, namely
the wetlands, and to build up more information on the ecology of
coral reefs, turtles and dugongs.
Such information will
contribute to improving the management of the island's reserves.
(b)
To implement the University objectives of including as much field
experience as necessary in the curricula for Biology, Ecology
and Geography.
This necessitates an improvement in the
infrastructure of the Station, additions and maintenance of the
reference collections and the availability of experienced
instructors.
(c)
To implement development projects aimed at resolving the
contradiction between the objectives of conservation and the
subsistence of the small population of fishermen and cultivators
at Inhaca.
The six research projects envisaged, some of which
are currently being implemented, are summarized in the following:
Research programmes at Inhaca planned by the Faculty of Biology:
1.
2.
3.
Study of the Coral-reef Ecosystem
Duration
: one year
Project leader
: Pauline Depelchin, lecturer
Other personnel
: one assistant, one non-technical
staff.
Estimated cost
: US$ 4,000.
Development of Wetland Conservation Policy
Duration
: six months
Project leader
: still to be decided
Other personnel
: one assistant
Equipment
: maps, aerial photographs, herbarium
Estimated cost
: US$ 900
Monitoring of Marine Turtles (nesting on the island, protection
of nesting areas and tagging of turtles)
Duration
: three years
Project leader
: the resident biologist
Other personnel
: two reserve guards
Equipment needed
: camping equipment, tagging material
Estimated cost
: US$ 300 per annum
N.B. : Project already in progress
- 62 -
4.
5.
Monitoring of Dugong Population extermination of extent of
sea-grass beds, their species, composition and distribution).
Duration
: three years
Project leader
: the resident biologist
Other personnel
: one assistant, one aerial survey
expert.
Estimated cost
: US$ 1,500
Fish-catch Analysis and Monitoring of Fishing Activities.
Duration
: one year
Project leader
: Pauline Depelchin
Other personnel
: one assistant
Estimated cost
: US$ 600
N.B. project already in progress.
6.
Collection of Hydrographie Data (salinity, temperature, currents
turbidity).
Duration
: three years
Project leader
: the resident biologist
Other personnel
: one assistant, one non-technical staff
Equipment
: current-meter, 2 reversing
thermometers, 2 Nansen bottles,
Salinometer
Estimated cost
: US$ 5,000 initially, US$ 750 running
cost per annum.
PREREQUISITES FOR THE REACTIVATION OF INHACA STATION
The reactivation of the Marine Research Station at Inhaca requires:
(a)
the upgrading of the infrastructure of the building and the
purchase of laboratory equipment, and
(b)
the recruitment of qualified personnel in teaching and research.
The laboratory equipment needed, the repairs and additions to the
infrastructure of the buildings are summarized in Table IX.
An approximate
budget of US$ 250,000 is foreseen over two years. " As the Station is affiliated
to the Faculty of Biology, in particular the future Department of Marine
Sciences and Marine Resources, it is the teaching staff of this Department
who will be responsible for the field training at the Station and for sponsoring
the small research projects of the "Licenciatura".
As mentioned elsewhere,
qualified staff will be needed in four major specializations; Physicochemical Oceanography; Tropical Coastal Systems, inclduing the biota and
their ecology; Plankton; and Fisheries.
It is, however, recommended that
a close co-operation be initiated between the new Department and the corresponding Department at the University of Dar Es Salaam, particularly for the
organization of a yearly sub-regional training course.
- 63 -
TABLE VII
Number of recorded Invertebrate and Protochordate species in the
five littoral zones at Inhaca island (compiled from Maenae and
Kalk, 1958).
Most of them represented in the reference collection
Supra
littoral
Upper
mid-littoral
Lower
mid-lit
Upper
infra-lit
Lower
infra-lit
COELENTERATA
Hydrozoa
1
10
Anthozoa
4
1
Actiniaria
4
2
Alcyonaria
7
Madreporaria
137
11
POLYCHAETA
SIPUNCULOIDEA
40
83
1
2
•
ECHIUROIDEA
1
1
CRUSTACEA
Decapoda
11
21
Palinura
35
87
19
28
5
Stomatapoda
Amphipoda
2
Isopoda
3
Cirripedia
8
3
3
7
4
2
MOLLUSCA
1
Amphineura
Gasteropoda
7
20
28
106
Polecypoda
1
4
19
31
Asteroidea
1
10
Echinoidea
1
13
Holothuriodea
5
14
2
ECHINODERMATA
Crinoidea
1
1
PHORONIDA
BRACHIOPODA
1
PROTOCHORDATA
Enteropneusta
3
2
Ascidiacae
9
7
1
Cephalochordata
-. 64 -
TABLE VIII
The. Marine. Research. Station, at Inhaca Island. Facilities,
Repairs and Additions Needed.
Housing Facilities
Remarks
Repairs and Additions needed
Students
Two dormitories, 15x16 m
each, for 40 students.
Mattresses to be replaced
Refectory, 12x5 m, for
40 persons
Kitchen, with 2 gas stoves
and 3 refrigerators
In poor condition
Stoves to be replaced,
refrigerators repaired
Roof leaking
Roof repairs needed
Plumbing and electrical
systems to be overhauled
Stove and refrigerator in poor
condition
Stove to be replaced, refrigerator repaired
Gas stove leaking
new gas stove needed
Showers
Guest lecturers
Four rooms, 4x4 m
Showers
Residence Staff and
Research Workers.
Director's house, 10x20 m
Three bedrooms,
Living room
Dining room
Bathroom
Kitchen
Resident biologist's
house, 10x15 m
Two bedrooms
Dining room
Kitchen
Bathroom
Radio transmitter-receptor
Staff residences, three
4x8 m each with:
One bedroom
Dining room
Kitchen with stove
and refrigerator
Bathroom
- 65 -
Main Building
Three laboratories, two
3x10 m one 3x4 m
Museum housing reference
collection, 10x10 m
Remarks
Equipment insufficient
Laboratory sinks out of
order
Roof leaking, cabinets,
sample and museum jars
insufficient
Storage room for additional samples, 9x9 m
Herbarium, 5x3 m
Repair of roofs
Overhaul of plumbing and
electrical systems
Five laboratory sinks
Ten metal cabinets
for reference collection
Five wooden cabinets for
herbarium
Cabinets insufficient
Offices, three 3x3 m
Library, 2x2 m
Repairs and Additions needed
Drying oven
1000 sample jars and
1000 museum jars
Library poor
Store room, 2x2 m
20 stereoscopic microscopes,
20 magnifying glasses
40 dissecting kits
Plankton nets
Small bottom grab
Books and periodicals for
library
- 66 -
TABLE IX
Summary of Repairs and Additions Required for Inhaca Station
Estimated budget
First Year
Laboratory Equipment
20 stereoscopic microscopes
40 magnifying glasses
40 dissecting kits
1000 jars
1000 specimen tubes
plankton nets
manuals and periodicals
Estimated budget
US$
60,000
Estimated budget
US$
50,000
Total Budget, first year
US$ 110,000
Logistics
2 electric water pumps
3 generators
5 laboratory sinks
4 gas stoves
Second year
Laboratory Equipment
4 research microscopes
1 salinometer
glassware
1 analytical balance
chemicals
Estimated budget
US$
- 67 -
90,000
TABLE IX (cont'd)
Logistics
Roof, plumbing and electric
system overhaul.
15 cabinets for museum and herbarium
6 refridgerators overhaul
1 air conditioner for wet laboratory
repair of sea-water well and pumps
engine for Land-Rover.
Estimated budget
US$
TOTAL second year
US$ 130,000
GRAND TOTAL, repairs and equipment
US$ 250,000
50,000
VI
RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations refer to the development of Marine
Sciences and Marine Resources studies at Eduardo Mondlane University,
Maputo, Mozambique.
BACKGROUND
The lack of qualified man-power in Mozambique is a problem of critical
importance at this stage.
The authorities, however, are aware of the gravity
of this situation and plans are being actively studied to restructure
education at all levels to meet with the country's needs.
The very limited
number of secondary school graduates that can be admitted at the University
and the pressing needs for immediate development objectives, led to the
interruption of the basic science studies, priority being given to the
formation of secondary school teachers and to applied professional studies.
Basic sciences are only taught to candidates in Engineering, Veterinary,
Agronomy and Medicine.
The basic science courses, as such, are not to be
resumed before 1984. As a result, the shortage in B.Sc graduates will last
for longer in these disciplines than the others.
The marine and inland fishery resources of Mozambique are much more
important than would appear from the present yield of the fisheries.
The current and foreseen projects of the Fisheries Directorate rely almost
entirely on foreign assistance, except for a handful of young scientists.
Though the manpower needs are increasing, no recruitment of national
scientists can be expected before the last years of this decade unless
immediate steps are taken.
In this perspective, the formation of capabilities
in fishery investigations and related marine sciences acquires a high
degree of priority.
On the other hand, with the development of industrialization, agriculture
and urban settlements in Mozambique and in the adjacent countries, pollutioninduced modifications of the ecosystem are to be expected.
This is particularly
true for the major rivers of Mozambique, the source and drainage basins of
which lie partly in the sourrounding countries,
The marine parks and reserves,
at Inhaca island and elsewhere, are of invaluable scientific interest and
are part of the heritage of mankind.
Such natural environments call for
an attentive monitoring and for thorough investigations by experienced
aquatic and marine ecologists.
No channel exists at present at the University
to meet the country's needs in this vital area.
The following recommendations for the initiation of Marine Science and
Marine Resource studies at the University have been conceived in full awareness
of the present situation in Mozambique and of its pressing needs for the
rational development of its renewable marine resources and the protection of
its marine environment.
The recommended strategy has been discussed with
the University Staff and the higher authorities at the University and at the
Fisheries Directorate, and appears to have met^with agreement.
- 69 -
OBJECTIVES
Immediate Objectives
(i)
to generate the academic infrastructure necessary to initiate
Marine Science and Marine Resources studies at the University;
(ii)
to resume the B.Sc curricula with a major in Marine Science and
Marine Resources, according to the proposed curriculum;
(iii) to initiate the formation of national University staff by
transferring and upgrading the junior (B.sc) and one senior
(Licenciatura) fishery officers.
Long-term Objectives
(i)
to provide the University with a body of qualified national
staff for teaching and research in the major disciplines of
Marine Science and Marine Resources ;
(ii)
to develop the capabilities required to re-activate the Marine
Research Station at Inhaca as a training and research centre for
Mozambique as well as for other countries in the sub-region;
(iii) to provide the Institute of Fisheries Investigations with the
qualified manpower required to investigate and monitor the fisheries,
as well as the aquaculture projects, both inland and marine;
(iv)
to enable the country to develop a network of surveillance for
its inland and marine environments, particularly the nature
reserves, for the control of eventual pollution-induced alterations.
STRATEGY AND PLAN OF WORK
Two processes must be initiated as early as possible and be carried out
simultaneously, the resumption of the teaching of basic science, discontinued in 1978, and the gradual development of a national staff to eventually
take over from the expatriate staff at the University.
Elaboration of a New B.Sc Curriculum . .
The B. Ecology, discontinued in 1978 must be disregarded and a new 4-year
B.Sc curriculum be elaborated and adopted instead.
A curriculum is proposed
as Annex 3 to this document, with optional orientation courses for the last
year.
The proposed curriculum was drafted by the staff of the Faculty of
Biology in co-operation with the consultant.
The education of the B.Sc
graduates is conceived as a three-stage process:
- 70 -
(i)
a transitory stage introducing the secondary school recruits
to basic science;
(ii)
multidisciplinary courses in basic sciences, mathematics,
physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, physiology, ecology
and genetics; and
(iii) orientation courses in marine and fishery sciences.
It is understood that not all basic science studies will be directed
to Marine Sciences. After the second stage, alternative B.Sc courses, such
as Wildlife Management, could be made available according to the country's
needs.
The training of the students will include laboratory work, field
work, particularly at the Inhaca Station, and training at the Fisheries
Institute.
Graduate Studies
At a later stage, B.Sc. graduates in Marine Sciences and Marine
Resources, selected to become staff members at the University or senior
fishery officers, will have to follow higher studies to further their training
and qualify for a higher degree, either at E.M. University or abroad.
The
new B.Sc. students will not graduate and be ready for higher studies before
1988.
Five B. Ecology, however, who graduated in 1981, are available as
junior officers at the Fisheries Directorate.
It is strongly recommended
that they be sent back to the University to be upgraded in basic science and
to apply for a Licenciatura, after presentation of a short thesis. A
curriculum for this particular group of graduates is proposed as Annex 4
to this document. Complementary basic science courses and specialization
courses in marine sciences are included.
As the implementation of such a
curriculum would require more expatriate staff, more funding and a longer
delay, an alternative is suggested:
After following an intensive course in the English language, the five
B. Ecology graduates will be sent, either simultaneously or in two stages to
the University of Dar Es Salaam.
They would attend selected courses in
Oceanography and Marine Biology for one year.
On their return to E.M.
University, they will each prepare a short Licenciatura thesis under joint
supervision of staff members from Dar Es Salaam and E.M. University.
Development of National Staff.
The University of Eduardo Mondlane depends entirely on expatriate
staff for the teaching of basic science. The University authorities have
placed a number of secondary school graduates on study grants in foreign
universities.
Though 5 have been sent in 1981 for a B.Sc in Biology, and
5, 6 and 6 will follow for the same purpose in 1982, 1983 and 1984 respectively,
the total shortage in marine science staff will last for long, unless immediate
steps are taken.
The new Department of Marine Sciences and Marine Resources should
ultimately comprise one lecturer and at least one assistant in each of the
following disciplines:
- 71 -
(i)
chemical and physical oceanography;
(ii)
plankton, systematics and ecology;
(iii) coastal-zone ecology; and
(iv)
fishery science.
The following steps are recommended for the initial development of
a national staff:
(i)
With the agreement of the Fisheries Directorate and in the
interest of both the University and the Directorate, it is
strongly advised that one of the senior fishery officers be
transferred to the University and be sent abroad for a Ph.D
in Marine Ecology.
He would eventually assume the direction of
the new Department.
(ii)
Two of the five B. Ecology graduates who will be sent back to
the University for a Licenciatura should be permanently
transferred to the University.
Summary of Steps to be Taken
(i)
Elaboration of a 4 year curriculum and of the academic
infrastructure, including teaching staff, for a B.Sç. in
Biology with a major in Marine Sciences and Marine Resources,
to start in 1984 according to the University plans (Annex 2).
(ii)
Elaboration of a 2-year "Licenciatura" post-graduate curriculum
to be pursued by the 5 recent B. Ecology graduates. The
proposed curriculum includes complementary courses to upgrade
their standard in basic science. (Annex 3).
(iii) Recruitment of 20 secondary school graduates to join the first
year of the new B.Sc in 1984.
(iv)
Permanent transfer of a senior fishery officer to the University,
to be placed in a foreign University for a Ph.D.
(v)
Permanent transfer to the University of two of the new
Licenciatura graduates in 1985, subsequently to qualify for a
Ph.D.
(vi)
Renovation and reactivation of the Marine Station at Inhaca
Island.
- 72 -
ANNEX 1
MARINE SPECIES OF COMMERCIAL VALUE IN MOZAMBIQUE
Fish:
Cachucho (Polysteganus coeruleopunctatus)
Garoupa (Epinephelus spp., Cephalopholis spp.)
Ladrao (Lethrinus nebulosus)
Marreco (Chrysoblephus puniceus)
Robalo (Cheimerius aufar)
Serra (Scomberomorus commerson)
Vermelho (Chrysoblephus spp., Lutianus spp.)
Agulha (Hemiramphus far)
Anchova (Pamatomus saltator)
Atum (Euthynnus spp., Germo albacora)
Babi ou Safl (Siganus spp.)
Bacalhau (Rachycentron canadus)
Besso (Cheillo inermls)
Cacao (Mustelus spp.)
Cangala (Tachysurus feliceps)
Carapau (Caranx spp. Decapterus spp.)
Cávala (Rastrelliger spp.)
Chareu (Caranx spp. Trachinotus spp.)
Corvina (Otolithes ruber)
Dourada (Rhabdosargus spp.)
Douradinha (Crenidens crenidens, Garres spp.)
Ladrao (Lethrinus spp.)
Linguado (Cynoglossus spp.)
Machope (Chorinemus toi)
Macujana (Johnis belengeri, Scigema dussumiezi)
Magumbo (Macrura kelee)
Oscar (Thrissocles spp)
Papagalo (Leptoscarus spp., Callyodon Guttatus)
Patana (Leiognathus equula, Drepane punctata, Gazza minuta)
Peixe anjo (Apolectus niger)
Peixe espada (Chirocentrus dorab, Trichiurus lepturus)
- 73 -
annex 1, cont'd/...
Pescada bicuda (Sphyraena spp.,)
Pescadinha (Sillago sihama)
Raia (Dasyatis spp.,)
Roncador e Pedrn (Pomadasys spp.)
Salfo . (Pisodonophis cancrivorus)
Salmonete (Upeneus spp., Pseudupeneus spp.)
Sapateiro (Plathcephalus spp)
Sardinha (Pellona ditchela, Harengula spp. semisulcatos)
Solha (Pseudorombus arsis, Bothus pantherinus, Psettodes erumei)
S. Pedro (Lutianus spp.)
Tainha (Liza macrolepis, Mugil cephalus, Ellochelon vaigiensis)
Tubarao (Rhizoprionodon actus, Carcharinus spp.)
Zebra (Pelâtes quadrilineatus, Therapon Jarbua)
Shrimps :
Camarao branco (Penaeus indicus)
Camarao encarnado (Metapenaeus monoceros).
Camarao tigre (Penaeus japonicus, Penaeus semiculcatus)
Camarao "lagostim" (Fenaeus monodon)
Camarao branco (Metapenaeus stebbingi)
Camarao de profundidade (Hymenopenaeus tiarthrus)
Cray-fish:
Lagosta da rocha (Panulirus homarus, Panulirus ornatus, Panulirus versicolor,
Panulirus longipes)
Lagosta de profundidade (Panulirus gilchristi)
Lagostin (Nephrops andamanicus)
Crabs :
Caranguejo do mahgal (Scyllat serrata)
Caranguejo azul (Portunus pelagicus)
Mossusca (Bivalves, Cephalop.)
Ameijoa (Venus meretrix, Pitaria kocki)
Mexilhao da rocha (Perna perna)
- 74 -
annex 1, cont'd/...
Mexilhao do lodo (Modiolus philippinarum)
Ostra da rocha (Crassostraea cucullata)
Ostra do lodo (Pinctata capensis)
Choco (Sepia spp.)
Lula (Loligo spp., Ommastostreches spp.)
Polvo (Octupus vulgaris, Ebdona cirrosa).
- 75 -
ANNEX 2
FOUR YEAR CURRICULUM FOR A B.Sc. IN BIOLOGY
Secondary School Graduates
One year
Introduction to Basic Science
Mathematics, Physics, General Chemistry, General Biology,
English Language
Two years
Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry,
Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry.
Zoology, Embryology, Physiology.
Botany. Cryptogams. Flowering Plants.
General Ecology. Genetics.
English Language.
One year
(optional)
Marine Sciences.
Wild-life Management.
Phytopathology. Nutrition.
Zoology. Botany.
B. Biology
Advanced Studies and Research Project
Licenciatura
- 76 -
ANNEX 3
PROPOSED CURRICULUM FOR MARINE SCIENCES.
Duration
IVth YEAR, B. BIOLOGY
:one year.
I.
Introduction to physical and chemical oceanography, salinity,
temperature and density; chemistry of sea water; tides and
currents; nutrient salts and oxygen; regional oceanography.
II.
Phytoplankton and Zooplankton; classification; phytoplankton
productivity; Zooplankton production; ecology; examples from
life cycles.
III.
Coastal zone ecosystems of Mozambique; lagoons and estuaries;
coral reefs; mangroves; soft and hard-bottom communities;
field work at Inhaca island.
IV.
Ichthyology; classification; fish biology
- 77 -
ANNEX 4
PROPOSED COMPLEMENTARY COURSES FOR THE JUNIOR FISHERY OFFICERS (1979
GRADUATES) AS A PRE-REQUISITE FOR A LICENCIATURA.
Duration
I.
:2 years.
Basic Science
Statistics
Chemistry:
Fundamentals of analytical chemistry: volumetric,
gravimetric and spectrophotometric analysis.
Fundamentals of organic chemistry.
Physics:
Acoustics, magnetism, electricity.
Zoology:
Aquatic protozoa and invertebrates; morphology,
life-history, classification.
Fish biology and ichthyology.
Marine mammals
Botany:
Cryptogams, bacteria, fungi, algae, Aquatic Phanerogam.
Fundamentals of Ecology.
II
Marine Sciences
Marine Chemistry
Hydrography; Regional oceanography; Indian Ocean and Mozambique
Channel.
Ecology of the pelagic system; phytoplankton, Zooplankton.
Ecology of the coastal systems: lagoons and estuaries, mangroves
coral reefs; examples from Mozambican waters.
Fishery management.
III
English Language
- 78 -
ITINERARY
Wednesday 5 May
Arrival in Maputo, Mozambique
Briefing by Mr. Carlos Machili, General Secretary,
National Commission for Unesco.
Thursday 6 May
UNDP Office. Meeting with Mr. Antunio Hein, Resident
Representative.
The consultant is briefed on the general setting, the
problems and the priorities of the country.
Meeting with Mrs Itta Tedesse, Programme Officer.
The consultant is briefed on the FAO Project "Marine
Fisheries Training and Development" now starting on
its second phase and on earlier FAO consultant missions
and reports on fisheries.
Visit to the Fisheries Directorate. Meeting with
Mr. Sergio Basulto, National Director of Fisheries,
Mr. A. Silva in charge of international co-operation
at the Secretariat of State for Fisheries, and Mr. P.
Contreras, FAO Biologist at the Institute for Fisheries
Development.
The consultant briefs the meeting on the
objectives of his mission and on the statistical data and
documentation requested to complete his mission.
The consultant is briefed by Mr. Basulto on the joint
project between the Government and FAO for the improvement
of artisanal fisheries and on the anticipated projects
for stock assessment in lakes Nyassa and Cabora Bassa.
Friday 7 May
Eduardo Mondlane University, Faculty of Biology.
Meeting with the Director of the Faculty, Mr Daniel
de Sousa and the staff, Mrs Pauline Depelchin, Mr Philip
Hiemstra, Hans Feijen, Jan de Koning, Danubio Nhahtumbo.
The consultant is briefed by the Director on the general
policy of the University, the priorities dictated by the
shortage in secondary school graduates.
Studies in Biology
have been discontinued, in favour of Veterinary and Agronomy
and the training of teachers. The studies in Biology
are to be resumed in 1984. Advice is needed for the
elaboration of a new curriculum.
The consultant is shown
the premises of the Faculty, the teaching and research
laboratories, the library and the museum.
Monday 10 - Tuesday 11 May.
Inhaca Island.
The consultant is shown the various
ecological sites on the island and the coastal zone by
Mrs P. Depelchin and P. Heimstra.
The premises of the
Inhaca Marine Research Station are visited and inventoried
in detail, including the housing facilities, the laboratories,
the teaching and research equipment, the small library,
the reference collection.
The needs in equipment and
building repairs are identified and listed in co-operation
with Mrs Depelchin and Mr Hiemstra.
- 79 -
Wednesday 12 May
Visit to the library of the "Institute of Scientific
Research" and interview with the Director, Mrs Wanda Amaral.
Meeting with Mrs Lilia Brinca, Deputy Director,
Institute of Fisheries Investigations.
Thursday 13 May
Office of the Food and Agricultural Organization.
Interview with Mr Gonzalez de Moye, FAO representative,
and Mr. Frank Haupt, associate programme officer.
The
current FAO fishery projects are reviewed.
National Institute for Water Resources. The consultant
meets with Eng. L. Kranendonk, senior hydrologist upon
his request; the consultant is handed a complete set of
data on the outflow of the main rivers for the last two
decades.
Friday 14 May
Meeting with the Academic Director of Eduardo Mondlane
University, Dr. Raposo Beirero.
The consultant is
informed in detail of the post-independence policy of the
Government on education, of the present organization of
the University and its prospects for the near future.
The courses in Biology and Ecology are to be resumed in
1984, but there is need for the reformulation of the
curricula.
The Marine Research Station at Inhaca
could provide a training center for the studies on ecology.
Twenty students are already abroad on study missions in
biology, chemistry, mathematics and physics, and a similar
number will be sent every year until 1984.
The consultant explains his conception of the measures
to be taken to develop marine sciences and marine resources
at the University.
His views are met with full approval.
Visit to the library of the Institute of Fisheries
Investigations.
The consultant meets the librarians,
Mrs W. Einarssen and Lydia Pataliou, and is shown the
library.
Saturday 15 May
Second visit to the library of the Institute of Fisheries
Investigations.
The consultant takes this opportunity
to look at some reports and documents pertaining to the
object of his mission.
Monday 17 May
Meeting with Mr Rui Silva, Fishery Biologist, Institute
of Fisheries Investigations, and Mr Carlos Machili,
Unesco National Commission.
The consultant is briefed on
the structure of the Institute and its manpower.
The
ecology of the coastal zone of Mozambique is briefly
reviewed and the effects of the expected alterations
discussed, particularly in relation to the shrimp fisheries.
Two main surveys have been carried out recently at two
years interval. The mangroves along the Zambezi delta
provide a nursery ground for young shrimps.
A survey
of this important ecosystem is needed, both by satellite
pictures and field work.
The suggestions put forward
by the consultant to up-grade the level of the fisheries
staff and to train new staff are discussed.
Second meeting with the staff of the Faculty of Biology.
- 80 -
Discussion of the curricula for biology and marine
sciences at both under- and post-graduate levels.
Monday 24 May
Meeting at the Fisheries Directorate with Mr Basulto,
Mrs Lydia Po, Mr R. Silva and Mr C. Machili. The
consultant is briefed on the organization of the
Directorate, its plans for the near future and its needs
in personnel.
Reliable statistics on the total fish
catch and the catch per unit fishing effort requested by
the consultant are still unavailable.
Estimates however
are available.
Monday 24 May
Institute of Agronomic Research.
Interview with
Mrs Telma Faria, Director.
The consultant is briefed
on the structure and activities of the Institute.
Documentation on the predamming conditions along the
Zambezi river valley and delta and on the mangroves is
requested by the consultant.
Tuesday 25 May
Visit to the Fish-Culture Station of Umbeluzi with
Mrs Lydia Po and Mr F. Ribeiro.
Wednesday 26 - Thursday 27 May
Trip to the town of Beira.
Visit of the laboratories
and offices of the "Delegation of the Institute of
Fisheries Investigations" with Mrs Christina Silva, Chief,
and Mr C. Machili, Unesco National Commission.
The
consultant is also shown the fishing harbour and the
mangrove area.
Friday 28 May
Meeting at the Rector's office, Eduardo Mondlane
University, with attendance of Mrs Lydia Po, Mr Basulto,
Mr C. Machili and Mr R. Silva.
Saturday 29 May
Visit to the library of the Institute of Agromonic
Research
Saturday 29 May
Afternoon departure from Maputo.
- 81 -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I.
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
ANON.
(1960) Travaux océanographiques de l'aviso "Commandant Robert
Giraud" dans l'Océan Indien en 1960. Cah Ocëanogr., 12 (9): 621.
ANON
(1963) Informations.
Quatrième campagne océanographique du
"Commandant Robert Giraud". Cah Ocëanogr., 15 (5): 287-8
ANON.
(1965) Resultados das observaçoes oceanógraficas no canal de
Moçambique. Cruzeiro AL 1/64: Abril - Maio 1964. Publ. Inst. Hidrogr.,
1^ , Ministerio da Marinha, Lisboa: 73 pp.
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