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Learning
Chapter Six
Classical Conditioning
• Definition: a simple form of
learning in which a stimulus
(a trigger) produces a
response (a desired
reaction)
Ivan Pavlov’s Research
1. Taught a dog to salivate/
drool at the sound of a bell.
2. Dogs (and people) produce
saliva to digest food. When
we smell or see food, we
often begin producing saliva.
3. Pavlov rang a bell (the
stimulus) when he fed the
dog. Since the dog saw
the food, he began to
drool.
4. After a while, the bell
alone made the dog
drool (the response).
Taste Aversion
• We also learn to dislike certain foods.
1. If we become ill after eating something
(perhaps it was spoiled), we often
won’t want to eat that item
again.
Operant Conditioning
• Definition: learning from the
consequences of our actions
• If we like the consequences we
will repeat the behavior, if we
don’t we are more likely to
avoid the behavior again.
Reinforcement
• Used to increase the chance
that the behavior will
happen again.
• Can be positive (we are
given something we like
following a certain behavior).
• Can be negative (we are
given something we do not
like following a certain
behavior).
Cognitive Factors in Learning
• Remember—cognitive is
what’s taking place in our
minds; our thoughts.
• Latent Learning: remains
hidden until it is needed.
• Observational Learning:
we imitate others; there is
thought (and concern)
that we receive learning
from the media.
The PQ4R Method
• This is a specific process
designed to encourage
learning.
 P=Preview: skim through a
chapter/section to see what
the material will cover; glance
at pictures, bold words, or titles.
 Q=Question: create questions
about what you just skimmed
through.
 R=Read: read the material.
 R=Reflect: make some
connections with what
you’re reading.
 R=Recite: repeating
information helps you
remember it quickly.
 R=Review: spend time each
night reviewing instead of
studying the entire content
the night before a test.
Other Strategies
• What other learning
strategies have you
learned?
• Mnemonic Device: a word
or words that stand for
something else
• HOMES=the Great Lakes:
Huron, Ontario, Michigan,
Erie, and Superior
Chapter 6 Review
• Give a new example of Classical
Conditioning
• Give an example of a positive and a
negative reinforcement
• Think of an example of both Latent
and Observational Learning that
you’ve experienced
• Apply the PQ4R Method to chapter
9—list out the letters and what you
learned
• Give two examples of mnemonic
devices