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This presentation copy is provided with the complements of: Compa Cottage Comber Road Kinver Stourbridge DY7 6HT Tel: 01384 872283 Mob: 07970 114649 Email: [email protected] Web: Sospitas.co.uk Mission "To become the first point of enquiry for all of our clients' training and consultancy needs by embedding superior quality and performance into the delivery of all of our products". Chris Jones – Director BSc (Hons.) Dip2.OSH CMIOSH MOTIVATION & INFLUENCING BEHAVIOUR Presented by Chris Jones – BSc Dip2.OSH CMIOSH © Sospitas Ltd. DEFINITION: MOTIVATION internal state or condition that activates behaviour and gives it direction; desire or want that energises and directs goal-oriented behaviour; influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behaviour. the arousal, direction, and persistence of behaviour. © Sospitas Ltd. SOURCES OF MOTIVATIONAL NEEDS MOTIVATION EXTRINSIC INTRINSIC OPERANT CONDITIONING COGNITION SOCIAL COGNITION © Sospitas Ltd. AFFECT BIOLOGY CONATION SPIRITUALITY COGNITIVE THEORIES Expectancy Theory MOTIVATION = EXPECTANCY x INSTRUMENTALITY x VALENCY (VALUE) © Sospitas Ltd. COGNITIVE THEORIES Cognitive Dissonance Theory © Sospitas Ltd. Behaviourism “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select - doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and the race of his ancestors” (From Behaviourism, John Watson, 1924) © Sospitas Ltd. Behaviourism Goal was to explain complex behaviour in terms of learning from simple behaviour Logic: if you can control the simple behaviour, and have a theory of learning, you can predict complex behaviour. © Sospitas Ltd. Extinction © Sospitas Ltd. When pairing of conditioned and unconditional stimulus stops Association weakens – conditioned response less frequent until disappears IVAN PAVLOV © Sospitas Ltd. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING © Sospitas Ltd. © Sospitas Ltd. Operant Conditioning Developed by B F Skinner Behaviour is changed by consequences Manipulate environment-change behaviours By shaping successive approximations to desired behavior Deterministic theory with NO FREE WILL Personality = group of responses to environment © Sospitas Ltd. OPERANT CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES • POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT = increasing a behaviour by administering a reward • NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT = increasing a behaviour by removing an aversive stimulus when a behaviour occurs • PUNISHMENT = decreasing a behaviour by administering an aversive stimulus following a behaviour OR by removing a positive stimulus • EXTINCTION = decreasing a behaviour by not rewarding it © Sospitas Ltd. Skinner Box Subject segregated from all irrelevant environmental influences Only stimuli were controlled by experimenter Reinforcement rates & schedule were measured Positive-food, negative-electro shock Evolved into teaching machines and self-paced teaching regimens © Sospitas Ltd. © Sospitas Ltd. © Sospitas Ltd. Thorndike’s Law of Effect Consequences of behaviour will either strengthen or weaken the behaviour Consequences = effect of the behaviour Learning come through trial and error Learn to do actions which bring rewards-help avoid pain © Sospitas Ltd. The A – B – C of Behavioural Learning Antecedents Consequences © Sospitas Ltd. Behaviours ABC model of behaviour Consequences Antecedents Behaviour Outcome of the behaviour for the individual that influences the likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated Causal event (trigger) preceding the behaviour Observable thing that someone does or doesn’t do A Hear telephone ringing B Lift telephone receiver C Have an interesting conversation with a friend A Hear telephone ringing B Do not lift receiver, let the answering machine pick up message C Continue working uninterrupted © Sospitas Ltd. Antecedents Behaviour Consequences Ear defenders supplied by company Required by company to wear ear defenders in specific areas Knowledge of potential damage to hearing if ear defenders are not worn Signs highlight areas where defenders are needed Noisy environment …etc. Wearing ear defenders in noisy environments Reduces the likelihood of hearing loss in the future Less likely to get into trouble with management for not wearing ear defenders Difficulty hearing their radio Discomfort of wearing ear defenders …etc. Peers do not wear ear defenders Knowledge that rules on wearing ear defenders are not enforced …etc. Not wearing ear defenders in noisy environments Impaired hearing in the future Avoid discomfort of wearing defenders Able to hear better in the noisy environment …etc. © Sospitas Ltd. Consequences that increase behaviour Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Receive something that you want Avoid something you do not want Consequences that decrease behaviour © Sospitas Ltd. Punishment Punishment Receive something you do not want Lose something you have or want Some examples of possible consequences of wearing ear defenders Reinforcing consequence Timeframe Predictability Significance Avoid hearing loss Distant Uncertain Important to individual Avoid conflict with manager Distant Uncertain Unimportant to individual Discomfort Soon Certain Important to individual Difficult to hear radio Soon Certain Important to individual Punishment © Sospitas Ltd. Some examples of possible consequences of not wearing ear defenders Reinforcing consequence Avoid discomfort of wearing ear defenders Improved sensory information Timeframe Predictability Significance Soon Certain Important to individual Soon Certain Important to individual Distant Uncertain Important to individual Punishment Impaired hearing in the future © Sospitas Ltd. A Behaviour modification programme 1. Establish desired result 2. Specify critical behaviours No Alter the antecedents Change equipment, environment or systems, provide training, etc 3. Can target group perform behaviour? Yes 4. Conduct ABC analysis No Are the necessary antecedents in place? Yes 5. Alter consequences to reinforce desired behaviour © Sospitas Ltd. 6. Evaluate impact via change in behaviour and result MOTIVATION & INFLUENCING BEHAVIOUR Presented by Chris Jones – BSc Dip2.OSH CMIOSH © Sospitas Ltd.