Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Cognition (8-10% of the Test) Chapter 8 (Pages 327-367) Chapter 9 (369-403) Barron’s Book Chapter 7 (151-168) Memory Encoding Automatic Processing Effortful Processing Rehearsal Spacing Effect Serial Position Effect *Tip-of- the-Tongue Phenomenon Recency Effect Levels of Processing Model/Computer Model Storage Primacy Effect Long Term Potentiation Visual Encoding Flashbulb Memory Acoustic Encoding *Retrograde Amnesia* Semantic Encoding *Anterograde Amnesia* Imagery Implicit/Nondeclarative Memory Mnemonic Explicit/Declarative Memory Chunking Retrieval Recall Recognition Relearning Effect Priming Déjà vu State-Dependent Memory Mood-Congruent Memory Three-Box Model/ Information Processing Model/ 3 Stage Processing Model Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory Iconic Memory Working Memory *Episodic Memory* Echoic Memory *Semantic Memory* Selective Attention *Procedural Memory* *Eidetic/Photographic Memory* Forgetting Proactive Interference Retroactive Interference Memory Construction *Constructed Memory* Misinformation Effect Source Amnesia Models for Processing What is the difference between the Levels of Processing Model & the Information Processing Model? Be able to Compare & Contrast Deep Processing & Shallow Processing. (Barron’s Book) General Memory Concepts Be able to compare & contrast Effortful Processing & Automatic Processing. Understand Herman Ebbinghaus’ discovery. How do chunking & hierarchies help memory encoding? Understand George Sperling’s contribution to understanding Sensory Memory. Understand George A. Miller’s contribution to understanding short-term memory. How do mood & stress level affect memory creation? What role does the Hippocampus and the Cerebellum play in Memory storage? What type of retrieval cues are most effective? How do external events & internal emotions affect memory retrieval? What is Prospective Memory? (Page 213) Be able to describe and differentiate different systems of memory (ex. Short-Term, Long-Term, Procedural,etc.) Forgetting What factors affect encoding failure & storage decay? How does interference affect memory? Memory Construction Understand the contributions of Elizabeth Loftus’ research on memory construction. What factors influence our memory construction & lead to false memories? Are eyewitness accounts reliable? Understand the controversy over “repressed” memories. Improving Memory Be able to describe strategies for memory improvement. Thinking & Language Solving Problems Algorithms Heuristics Insight Confirmation Bias Fixation Mental Set Functional Fixedness *Convergent Thinking* *Divergent Thinking* Structure Phonemes Morphemes Grammar Semantics Syntax Thinking Cognition Concepts Prototypes Decision-Making & Judgements Representativeness Heuristic Availability Heuristic Overconfidence Belief Perseverance/Belief Bias Intuition Framing Language Stages of Development Theories of Acquisition Receptive Language Operant Learning Productive Language -Association -Babbling Stage -Imitation -One-Word Stage/Holophrastic Stage -Reinforcement -Two-Word Stage/Telegraphic Speech Inborn Universal Grammar *Overgeneralization/Overregularization* -Language Acquisition Device -Universal Grammar -Critical Period The Brain Aphasia Broca’s Area Wernicke’s Area Angular Gyrus Thinking & Language Linguistic Determinism/Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Problem-Solving Be able to compare different techniques for problem solving (algorithms, heuristics, insight). Understand obstacles to problem-solving (Confirmation Bias, Fixation, Mental Set, Functional Fixedness) Understand the difference between divergent thinking and convergent thinking (Use Barron’s Book). Decision-Making Understand the uses and drawbacks of representative heuristic and availability heuristic. Understand how Overconfidence & Belief Perseverance negatively influence our decision-making. What are the benefits and drawbacks to intuition? Language Understand the difference between Phonemes and Morphemes. Understand the difference between semantics and Syntax. Be able to describe the stages/steps a human goes through in learning language. Be able to identify and explain Noam Chomsky’s beliefs about language acquisition. Understand the location of and difference in function of Broca’s Area & Wenicke’s area. Understand all of the brain regions involved in understanding and producing language. Language & Thinking Understand the effects that language has on our thoughts (Linguistic Determinism). What is the bilingual Advantage? For what purposes do we think in terms of images rather than words? What cognitive abilities do animals have? What has research indicated about animals’ ability to learn language? Synthesize how biological, cognitive, and cultural factors converge to facilitate acquisition, development, and use of language.