Download Unit 7 Learning Plan

Unit 7 Learning Plan
wadlington
In this unit students learn how humans convert sensory input into kinds of
information. They examine how humans learn, remember, and retrieve information.
This part of the course also addresses problem solving, language, and creativity.
I can:
1. Compare and contrast various cognitive processes:
a. Effortful versus automatic processing;
b. Deep versus shallow processing;
c. Focused versus divided attention.
2.
Describe and differentiate psychological and physiological systems of
memory (e.g., short-term memory, procedural memory).
3.
Outline the principles that underlie effective encoding, storage, and
construction of memories.
4. Describe strategies for memory improvement.
5. Synthesize how biological, cognitive, and cultural factors converge to
facilitate acquisition, development, and use of language.
6. Identify problem-solving strategies as well as factors that influence their
effectiveness.
7. List the characteristics of creative thought and creative thinkers.
8. Identify key contributors in cognitive psychology (e.g., Noam Chomsky,
Hermann Ebbinghaus, Wolfgang Köhler, Elizabeth Loftus, George A. Miller).
Self assessment-throughout the unit, from the beginning to end, rate how you
feel about your proficiency with each of the learning targets on a scale of 1-5;
1-I have no understanding of this idea or concept
2- I do not feel comfortable with this idea or concept
3-I have an understanding of the idea or concept, but I am not proficient
4- I am comfortable and proficient with the idea or concept
5- I am a psychology Jedi Master
I can
Activity
Compare and
contrast various
cognitive
processes:
-Effortful versus
automatic
processing;
-Deep versus
shallow
processing;
-Focused versus
divided attention.
Describe and
differentiate
psychological and
physiological
systems of memory
(e.g., short-term
memory,
procedural
memory).
PowerPoint
Outline the
principles that
underlie effective
encoding,
storage, and
construction of
memories.
PowerPoint
Describe
strategies for
memory
improvement.
PowerPoint
Synthesize how
biological,
cognitive, and
cultural factors
converge to
facilitate
acquisition,
development, and
use of language.
PowerPoint
Identify problemsolving strategies
as well as factors
PowerPoint
PowerPoint
Enrichment
Formative
Summative
that influence
their
effectiveness.
List the
characteristics
of creative
thought and
creative thinkers.
PowerPoint
Identify key
contributors in
cognitive
psychology (e.g.,
Noam Chomsky,
Hermann
Ebbinghaus,
Wolfgang Köhler,
Elizabeth Loftus,
George A. Miller).
PowerPoint
Pay attention to the notes below, they will help you. Not much for this
unit outside of the discussions in class. The videos should have helped
you apply some of it. Good luck, let me know if you need anything.
Tip of the tongue
phenomenon?
Forgotten information
seems just out of reach.
Encoding?
Forming a memory code;
putting info into the brain.
Storage?
Maintaining encoded
information in memory over
time.
Retrieval?
Recovering information
from memory stores.
Getting stuff out.
Attention?
Focusing awareness on a
narrowed range of stimuli
or events.
Structural encoding?
Encoding based on
physical structure.
Shallow processing.
Phonemic encoding?
Encoding based on what
words sound like. Do they
rhyme?
Semantic encoding?
Encoding based on the
meanings of words.
Deepest processing.
Dual-coding theory?
Memory is enhanced by
forming both semantic AND
visual codes.
Sensory memory?
Lasts only ½ second
unless encoded.
Short term memory
(Working memory)?
Holds info up to 20 seconds
without rehearsal. 7+/- 2
items.
Rehearsal?
Repeating info to keep in
your short term memory.
Chunk?
Group of familiar stimuli
stored in a single unit. How
we remb phone #s.
Flashbulb memories?
Emotionally-charged, vivid
memories (ex. 9/11)
Procedural memory?
Our memory of stuff we do
like speak, play piano.
Schema?
Organized cluster of
knowledge about
something.
Recall?
Ability to retrieve memories
without priming. (fill in
blank)
Recognition?
Ability to retrieve
memories with priming (X
choice)
Why we forget?
Ineffective encoding, decay,
interference, repression.
Retroactive
interference?
When 7th period makes you
forget 6th period.
Proactive
interference?
When 2nd period makes you
forget 5th period.
State dependent recall?
More likely to recall if we
are in the same room, mood,
state of mind
Repression?
Motivated forgetting, term
coined by Freud.
Retrograde amnesia?
Cannot remember
information before the
incident.
Anterograde
amnesia?
Cannot form new memories.
Consolidation?
Process of getting info
from the STM into the LTM.
Hippocampus?
Brain part for long term
memory.
Alzheimer’s disease?
Forgetting disease for the
elderly.
What is encoding, storage and
retrieval?
Encoding – putting info into your brain
Storage – keeping it there retrieval – getting it out
What are types of encoding?
Structural encoding – focuses on structure of words like
capital letters, groups of 3 or 5?
Acoustic encoding – focuses on sounds of words (do they
rhyme?)
Semantic encoding – focuses on meaning of words (semantic is
the best)
What is the serial positioning
effect?
Our tendency to remember the first and last items in a list. This
is due to primacy and recency effect.
What is Self-referent encoding?
We remember stuff that is important to us. (ex: a date’s phone
number)
Selective attention?
The focusing on particular stimuli and ignoring other stuff.
(video on passing the basketball)
Mnemonics?
Combines semantic with phonemic encoding to help you remember
stuff. ex: acronyms (PEMDAS)
Method of loci: Aristotle’s method of remembering stuff.
State – dependent recall?
We remember best if tested in the same context as we learned it.
(ex: Baddeley’s testing of scuba divers)
Ex: mood congruence – if you are mad when you study then it’s
best if you are mad when you test.
What is sensory memory?
Lasts less than 2 seconds if not encoded. Great capacity
What is working (short term
memory)? STM?
Can hold 7 items + or – 2 for up to 20 seconds without
rehearsal.
What is Atkinson – Shiffrin model
of memory storage?
Alan Baddeley’s model of Working
memory?
A central executive, A phonological loop, The sketchpad (see
picture)
What is long term memory? LTM?
Can hold virtually unlimited information if encoded properly.
What is flashbulb memory?
Shocking, traumatic event that you’ll never forget. (ex: 9/11)
What is declarative memory?
Fact memory. 1776 is the year of the D of I. The sky is blue.
What is procedural memory?
Memory of procedures like playing piano or riding a bike. Not
effected by amnesia.
What is Episodic memory?
Memory of episodes of your life (first kiss). Amnesia affects this.
Decay theory?
We simply forget over time.
Psuedoforgetting?
“false” forgetting. Simply a failure to encode. You can’t forget
what you never bothered to remember.
Retrograde amnesia?
Can’t remember the past. Usually result of head trauma.
Anterograde amnesia?
Can’t form new memories. (10 second Tom)
What is the hippocampus?
Brain part involved with consolidation of memories.
What is consolidation?
Process of converting STM into LTM.
What is priming?
Giving hints to remember.
What is recall?
Remembering without priming (ex: fill in blank)
What is recognition?
Remembering with priming (ex: X choice)
What is tip of the tongue?
Inability to recall but information seems accessible.
What is proactive interference?
Previous information interferes with new information. (ex: 1st
period affects 2nd period) (old cell number)
What is retroactive interference?
New information affects old information. (ex: 5th period affects
2nd period) New phone # leads to forgetting old one.
Who is Elizabeth Loftus?
Studied how false memories are planted into our memories. Ex:
hypnosis resulting into false molestation. Ex: Bugs Bunny at
Disneyworld
What is rehearsal?
Repeating information to put into STM.
Why spacing effect works?
Reduces interference, allows for REM sleep, reduces bad
effects of mood congruence
What is clustering?
Mentally grouping things that are related to one another. Ex:
clustering grocery items by dairy, drinks, breads.
Cognition?
mental activities like thinking, memory remembering.
Prototype?
Best example of a category. (Ford for a truck) (robin, not
penguin for a bird)
Insight?
“A-ha!” moment
Functional
fixedness?
Inability to see multiple uses of an object. (sock?)
Skinner’s view on
language
development?
We learn language via shaping. (nurture) Social learning
theory of language.
Whorf’s
linguistic
relativity?
Language affects how we think and vice versa. Since the Hopi
tribe don’t have past tense verbs, they don’t think about the
past.
Two word stage?
(aka telegraphic
speech)?
Want milk. My baba. Go poopoo.
Algorithm?
Methodical slow problem-solving method Computers use them.
Always accurate, but slow.
Heuristic?
“short cut” to solving problems. Ex: unscramble “eqeun” Start
by putting q and u together.
Confirmation
bias?
We pay attention only to evidence that fits our view.
Availability
heuristic?
Event more likely to happen if it’s easy to imagine (like
tornadoes)
Representatives
heuristic?
It’s more likely to be true if it fits our stereotype. We assume
that it is likely that an Asian male is good at math.
Phonemes?
Smallest unit of sound in a language. “chug” has 3 phonemes.
Ch, u, g
Morpheme?
Smallest unit of a word having meaning (ex.suffix) preheating
has 3 morphemes.
Grammar?
System of rules – helps us communicate.
Syntax?
Deals with order of words. White House or House White?
Chomsky’s view
on language
We’re hard wired to have language. (nature) We have an inborn
language acquisition device.
development?
Babbling stage
of language
development?
3-10 months – babies speak in phonemes (ba ba)
Belief
perseverance?
Sticking to one’s belief even after been discredited. (Cowboys
are better than the Vikings (even though Cowboys lost).)
Divergent
thinking?
“out of box” thinking.
Convergent
thinking?
Standard way of thinking. (sometimes the best)
Belief
perseverance?
Clinging to your beliefs even after they have been discredited.
Cowboys are the best even if they are 11 and 5.
Gamblers’
fallacy?
Idea that you have to start winning now that you have been
losing for a while.