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Cognition
(8-10% of the Test)
Chapter 8 (Pages 327-367)
Chapter 9 (369-403)
Barron’s Book
Chapter 7 (151-168)
Memory
Encoding
Automatic Processing
Effortful Processing
Rehearsal
Spacing Effect
Serial Position Effect
*Tip-of- the-Tongue Phenomenon
Recency Effect
Levels of Processing Model/Computer Model
Storage
Primacy Effect
Long Term Potentiation
Visual Encoding
Flashbulb Memory
Acoustic Encoding *Retrograde Amnesia*
Semantic Encoding *Anterograde Amnesia*
Imagery
Implicit/Nondeclarative Memory
Mnemonic
Explicit/Declarative Memory
Chunking
Retrieval
Recall
Recognition
Relearning Effect
Priming
Déjà vu
State-Dependent Memory
Mood-Congruent Memory
Three-Box Model/ Information Processing Model/ 3 Stage Processing Model
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Iconic Memory
Working Memory
*Episodic Memory*
Echoic Memory
*Semantic Memory*
Selective Attention
*Procedural Memory*
*Eidetic/Photographic Memory*
Forgetting
Proactive Interference
Retroactive Interference
Memory Construction
*Constructed Memory*
Misinformation Effect
Source Amnesia
Models for Processing

What is the difference between the Levels of Processing Model & the Information Processing Model?

Be able to Compare & Contrast Deep Processing & Shallow Processing. (Barron’s Book)
General Memory Concepts

Be able to compare & contrast Effortful Processing & Automatic Processing.

Understand Herman Ebbinghaus’ discovery.

How do chunking & hierarchies help memory encoding?

Understand George Sperling’s contribution to understanding Sensory Memory.

Understand George A. Miller’s contribution to understanding short-term memory.

How do mood & stress level affect memory creation?

What role does the Hippocampus and the Cerebellum play in Memory storage?

What type of retrieval cues are most effective?

How do external events & internal emotions affect memory retrieval?

What is Prospective Memory? (Page 213)

Be able to describe and differentiate different systems of memory (ex. Short-Term, Long-Term, Procedural,etc.)
Forgetting

What factors affect encoding failure & storage decay?

How does interference affect memory?
Memory Construction

Understand the contributions of Elizabeth Loftus’ research on memory construction.

What factors influence our memory construction & lead to false memories?

Are eyewitness accounts reliable?

Understand the controversy over “repressed” memories.
Improving Memory

Be able to describe strategies for memory improvement.
Thinking & Language
Solving Problems
Algorithms
Heuristics
Insight
Confirmation Bias
Fixation
Mental Set
Functional Fixedness
*Convergent Thinking*
*Divergent Thinking*
Structure
Phonemes
Morphemes
Grammar
Semantics
Syntax
Thinking
Cognition
Concepts
Prototypes
Decision-Making & Judgements
Representativeness Heuristic
Availability Heuristic
Overconfidence
Belief Perseverance/Belief Bias
Intuition
Framing
Language
Stages of Development
Theories of Acquisition
Receptive Language
Operant Learning
Productive Language
-Association
-Babbling Stage
-Imitation
-One-Word Stage/Holophrastic Stage
-Reinforcement
-Two-Word Stage/Telegraphic Speech Inborn Universal Grammar
*Overgeneralization/Overregularization*
-Language Acquisition Device
-Universal Grammar
-Critical Period
The Brain
Aphasia
Broca’s Area
Wernicke’s Area
Angular Gyrus
Thinking & Language
Linguistic Determinism/Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
Problem-Solving

Be able to compare different techniques for problem solving (algorithms, heuristics, insight).

Understand obstacles to problem-solving (Confirmation Bias, Fixation, Mental Set, Functional Fixedness)

Understand the difference between divergent thinking and convergent thinking (Use Barron’s Book).
Decision-Making

Understand the uses and drawbacks of representative heuristic and availability heuristic.

Understand how Overconfidence & Belief Perseverance negatively influence our decision-making.

What are the benefits and drawbacks to intuition?
Language

Understand the difference between Phonemes and Morphemes.

Understand the difference between semantics and Syntax.

Be able to describe the stages/steps a human goes through in learning language.

Be able to identify and explain Noam Chomsky’s beliefs about language acquisition.

Understand the location of and difference in function of Broca’s Area & Wenicke’s area.

Understand all of the brain regions involved in understanding and producing language.
Language & Thinking

Understand the effects that language has on our thoughts (Linguistic Determinism).

What is the bilingual Advantage?

For what purposes do we think in terms of images rather than words?

What cognitive abilities do animals have?

What has research indicated about animals’ ability to learn language?

Synthesize how biological, cognitive, and cultural factors converge to facilitate acquisition, development, and use of language.