Download Unit 7 Cognition

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Name:___________________________________ Date:__________________ Hour:_______________
Unit 7 Cognition
7A - Memory
7B – Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language
Use SQ3R: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, and Review every section you read.
The Phenomenon of Memory and Information Processing (pp 254-278)
1: Describe Atkinson-Shiffrin’s classic three-stage processing model of memory, and explain how the
concept of working memory clarifies the processing that occurs in short-term memory.
2: Describe the types of information we encode automatically, and contrast effortful processing with
automatic processing, giving examples of each.
3: Compare the benefits of visual, acoustic, and semantic encoding in remembering verbal information,
and describe some memory-enhancing encoding strategies.
4: Contrast two types of sensory memory, and describe the duration and capacity of working/short-term
memory.
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5: Describe the capacity and duration of long-term memory, and discuss the biological changes that may
underlie memory formation and storage.
6: Distinguish between implicit and explicit memory, and Identify the main brain structure associated
with each.
7: Contrast the recall, recognition, and explicit memory, and identify the main brain structure associated
with each.
8: Describe the impact of environmental contexts and internal emotional states on retrieval.
Forgetting (pp278-285)
9: Explain why we should value our ability to forget, and discuss the roles of encoding failures and
storage decay in the process of forgetting.
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10: Explain what is meant by retrieval failure, and discuss the effects of interference and motivated
forgetting on retrieval.
Memory Construction (pp285-293)
11: Explain how misinformation, imagination, and source amnesia can distort our memory in an event,
and discuss why it is difficult to distinguish between true and false memories.
12. Discuss whether young children’s eyewitness reports are reliable and the controversy over reports of
repressed and recovered memories.
Improving Memory (pp293-297)
13. Explain how an understanding of memory can contribute to effective study techniques.
Define in 5 words or less:
Memory:
Encoding:
Storage:
Retrieval:
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Sensory Memory:
Short-Term Memory:
Long-Term Memory:
Working Memory:
Parallel Processing:
Automatic Processing:
Effortful Processing:
Rehearsal:
Spacing Effect:
Serial Position Effect:
Visual Encoding:
Acoustic Encoding:
Semantic Encoding:
Imagery:
Mnemonics [nih-MON-iks]:
Chunking:
Iconic Memory:
Echoic Memory:
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP):
Flashbulb memory:
Amnesia:
Implicit Memory:
Explicit Memory:
Hippocampus:
Recall:
Recognition:
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Relearning:
Priming:
Déjá Vu:
Mood-Congruent Memory:
Proactive Interference:
Retroactive Interference:
Repression:
Misinformation Effect:
Source Amnesia:
7B – Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language
Thinking (pp 298-312)
1: Define cognition, and describe the roles of categories, hierarchies, definitions, and prototypes in
concept formation.
2: Compare algorithms, heuristics, and insight as problem-solving strategies, and identify the factors
associated with creativity.
3: Explain how confirmation bias and fixation can interfere with effective problem solving.
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4: Describe how the representativeness and availability heuristics can cause us to underestimate or
ignore important information, and discuss the drawbacks and advantages of overconfidence in decision
making.
5: Describe the effects that belief perseverance, intuition, and framing can have on our judgments and
decision making.
Language (pp 313-319)
6. Describe the basic structural units of a language, including the rules that enable us to communicate
meaning.
7: Trace the course of language acquisition from the babbling stage through the two-word stage.
8: Discuss Skinner’s and Chomsky’s contributions to the nature-nurture debate over how children
acquire language, and explain why statistical learning and critical periods are important concepts in
children’s language learning.
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Thinking and Language (pp 319-325)
9: Discuss Whorf’s linguistic determinism hypothesis in relation to current views regarding thinking and
language, and describe the value of thinking in images.
Define in 5 words or less:
Cognition:
Concept:
Prototype:
Algorithm:
Heuristic:
Insight:
Creativity:
Confirmation Bias:
Fixation:
Mental Set:
Functional Fixedness:
Representativeness heuristic:
Availability heuristic:
Overconfidence:
Framing:
Intuition:
Belief perseverance:
Language:
Phoneme:
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Morpheme:
Grammar:
Semantics:
Syntax:
Babbling stage:
One-word Stage:
Two-word stage:
Telegraphic speech:
Linguistic determinism:
Noam Chomsky:
Benjamin Whorf:
B.F. Skinner (language):
Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman:
Elizabeth Loftus:
George Miller:
Hermann Ebbinghaus:
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