Download Module 24-25 Memory

Jess Orpen
5/20/2012
AP Psych
Module 24 & 25 – Memory
Gobstopper  Gobstoppers are everlasting, like one’s memory!
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Memory – persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of
information
o Short-term memory – activated memory that holds a few items briefly
o Long-term memory – relatively permanent and limitless storehouse
Encoding – processing of information into memory system (extracting meaning)
o Automatic processing – unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as
space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information
o Effortful processing – encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
o Rehearsal – conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in
consciousness or to encode it for storage
o Chunking – organizing items into familiar, manageable units
o Spacing effect – tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better longterm retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
o Serial position effect – tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list
o Imagery – mental pictures; powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when
combined with semantic encoding
o and organizational devices
o Types of Encoding
 Visual encoding – encoding of picture images
 Acoustic encoding – encoding of sound, especially sound of words
 Semantic encoding – encoding of meaning, including meaning of words
 O. J. Simpson trial
Retrieval – process of getting information out of memory storage
Iconic memory – momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
Echoic memory – momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
Long-term potentation (LTP) – increase in synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid
stimulation
Amnesia – loss of memory
Implicit memory – retention independent of conscious recollection
Explicit memory – memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and
declare
o Hippocampus – neural center located in limbic system that helps process explicit
memories for storage
o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grZuwo_YlY0&feature=fvwrel
o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuvF113uty4
People
Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin
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“three-stage processing model of memory
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Jess Orpen
5/20/2012
AP Psych
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Effortful processing  formed list of nonsense syllables (consonant, vowel,
consonant)
o Read 8 times  next day could recall few syllables
o Fewer repetitions were needed on day 2
o Amount remembered depends on time spent learning
John Bransford & Marcia Johnson
 Memorizing phrases without meaning is difficult
 Giving meaning to phrases helps in remembering them
Lloyd & Margaret Peterson
 Tested how short short-term memory is
o Asked people to remember 3-consonant groups
o No rehearsal  without effortful processing, short-term memory are very
short
George Sperling
 Showed people 3 rows of 3 letters for 1/20th of a second
 People could recall only half of them
o Iconic memory
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/learning/infomodel.gif
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/learning/infomodel.gif