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This approach explains how organisms learn new behaviours/modify existing ones. Reward /punishment Overt behaviour took in concideration-not internal conditions Psychology as an objective study of behaviouranimal and human being both Learning takes place through S-R bonds Major exponents J.B watson,Pavlov,Skinner ,Thorndike etc. Environment has great influence-Watson’s comment More teacher centered Content oriented Learning is mechanical-without repetition and proper conditionig,students will make mistakes. Lerner is reciever of knowledge Role of the behaviourist teacher-providing stimulus material and prompting the correct response. Two types of conditioning are there A:CLASSICAL CONDITIONING B:OPERANT CONDITIONING Stimulus: Anything that may have an impact or influence on a system. Ex:-Food,water,sound unconditioned stimulus(UCS):natural stimulus:a stimulus that elicits a reflexive /innate response without prior learning. Unconditioned response(UCR):Natural response a reflexive/innate response that is elicited by a stimulus without prior learning. Learning is concidered as habit formation:association&modification 1:-Before conditioning: Tone => No salivation response UCS(food)Natural stimulus=>natural response UCR(salivation) 2:-During conditioning: CS(tone)+UCS(food) => UCR(salivation) 3:-After Conditioning: CS(tone) => CR(salivation) “Natural stimulus is substituted with artificial stimulus that generates the same response as of natural stimulus” Skinner box-rat xpl Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behavior is influenced by the consequences that follow it(skinner,1938). Operant-organism operating on its environment Reinforcement: A response is strengthened by an outcome that follows it. Punishment: A reponse is weakend by an out come that follows it. The five major operant processes are listed below. 1: positive reinforcement:- when a response is strengthened by the presentation of a stimulus. Ex:- Rat presses a lever(response)-food pellet appear(stimulus)-liver pressing increases(result). 2:Negative reinforcement:-a response is strengthened by the removal of an aversive stimulus.. Ex:-person takes aspirin-an aversive stimulus is removed(Headache pain goes away)-increased tendency to take aspirin for headache relief. 3:operant extinction: the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response bcs it is no longer reinforced. ex:-Rat presses a lever(response),no food pellets(stimulus) –lever pressing decreases(response). 4:Positive punishment(aversive punishment/Pby aplcn):-presentation of something unpleasant to decrease the probability of the reoccurrence of a behavior. Ex:-two siblings fight over a toy – (A.S)parents scold-fighting decreases(response) . 5:Negative punishment ( Response cost,P by removal):removal of something pleasant to decrease/weaken the behaviour expressed Ex:-two sibilings fight over a toy-a stimulus is removed(no tv for 1week).responce(fighting decreases) Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Stimulus oriented Response oriented Emphasis on stimulus substitution Connects b/w stimulus and response Elicited response :reflex like response triggered by CS. (reflex like-salivation &f ear) Natural S and Neutral S are paired Response modification b/w response and reinforcement Emitted response(voluntary) lever pressing. Response operates on the environment. Response and reinforcement are 1-continuous reinforcement: Every response of a particular type is reinforced. 2-fixed intervel: fixed time-> based on the passage of time. 3-fixed ratio :a certain percentage of responses are reinforced. 4:variable reinforcement:varies the time and response.