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This approach explains how organisms learn new
behaviours/modify existing ones.
Reward /punishment
Overt behaviour took in concideration-not
internal conditions
Psychology as an objective study of behaviouranimal and human being both
Learning takes place through S-R bonds
Major exponents J.B watson,Pavlov,Skinner
,Thorndike etc.
Environment has great influence-Watson’s
comment
More teacher centered
 Content oriented
 Learning is mechanical-without repetition and proper
conditionig,students will make mistakes.
 Lerner is reciever of knowledge Role of the behaviourist teacher-providing stimulus
material and prompting the correct response.
Two types of conditioning are there
A:CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
B:OPERANT CONDITIONING
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Stimulus: Anything that may have an impact or
influence on a system.
Ex:-Food,water,sound
unconditioned stimulus(UCS):natural stimulus:a
stimulus that elicits a reflexive /innate response
without prior learning.
Unconditioned response(UCR):Natural response
a reflexive/innate response that is elicited by a
stimulus without prior learning.
Learning is concidered as habit
formation:association&modification
1:-Before conditioning:
Tone
=>
No salivation response
UCS(food)Natural stimulus=>natural response
UCR(salivation)
2:-During conditioning:
CS(tone)+UCS(food)
=> UCR(salivation)
3:-After Conditioning:
CS(tone) => CR(salivation)
“Natural stimulus is substituted with artificial
stimulus that generates the same response as of
natural stimulus”
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Skinner box-rat xpl
Operant conditioning is a type of
learning in which behavior is influenced
by the consequences that follow
it(skinner,1938).
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Operant-organism operating on its
environment
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Reinforcement: A response is
strengthened by an outcome that
follows it.
Punishment: A reponse is weakend by
an out come that follows it.
 The five major operant processes are listed below.
1: positive reinforcement:- when a response
is strengthened by the presentation of a
stimulus.
Ex:- Rat presses a lever(response)-food
pellet appear(stimulus)-liver pressing
increases(result).
2:Negative reinforcement:-a
response is strengthened by the
removal of an aversive stimulus..
Ex:-person takes aspirin-an
aversive stimulus is
removed(Headache pain goes
away)-increased tendency to take
aspirin for headache relief.
3:operant extinction: the weakening
and eventual disappearance of a
response bcs it is no longer
reinforced.
ex:-Rat presses a
lever(response),no food
pellets(stimulus) –lever pressing
decreases(response).
4:Positive punishment(aversive
punishment/Pby aplcn):-presentation of
something unpleasant to decrease the
probability of the reoccurrence of a behavior.
Ex:-two siblings fight over a toy –
(A.S)parents scold-fighting
decreases(response) .
5:Negative punishment ( Response
cost,P by removal):removal of
something pleasant to
decrease/weaken the behaviour
expressed
Ex:-two sibilings fight over a toy-a
stimulus is removed(no tv for
1week).responce(fighting decreases)
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning
Stimulus oriented
Response oriented
Emphasis on stimulus
substitution
Connects b/w
stimulus and
response
Elicited response
:reflex like response
triggered by CS.
(reflex like-salivation
&f ear)
Natural S and Neutral
S are paired
Response
modification
b/w response and
reinforcement
Emitted
response(voluntary)
lever pressing.
Response operates on
the environment.
Response and
reinforcement are
1-continuous reinforcement: Every
response of a particular type is
reinforced.
2-fixed intervel: fixed time-> based on
the passage of time.
3-fixed ratio :a certain percentage of
responses are reinforced.
4:variable reinforcement:varies the time
and response.