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Download Warm Up # 17A -- Roman Republic to Empire - British
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Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ Rome and Early Christianity Section 2 MAIN IDEA Governmental and social problems led to the end of the Roman Republic and the creation of a new form of government. Key Terms and People Gracchi Two brothers, Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius, who tried to redistribute land to small farmers Gaius Marius a talented general who, as consul, allowed anyone to join the army Lucius Cornelius Sulla a general who became consul in 88 BC and later dictator Julius Caesar helped end the Republic and became dictator of Rome in 44 BC triumvirate the rule of three men Augustus a title of honor given to Octavia in 27 BC, meaning “the revered one” Pax Romana the Roman Peace, which lasted from 27 BC to AD 180 Taking Notes As you read the summary, make a list of major events in Rome's change from a republic to an empire. Use a graphic organizer like the one below to record key points. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 6 64 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ Rome and Early Christianity Section 2 Section Summary PROBLEMS IN THE LATE REPUBLIC By the mid-100s BC, Rome had no rival anywhere in the Mediterranean world. However, the task of running a vast empire and the tension growing between social classes began to cause problems for the Romans. In 133 BC Tiberius Gracchus and his brother Gauis, known as the Gracchi, were murdered at the Senate’s urging after planning to distribute public land to unemployed ex-soldiers. In 107 BC the social unrest reached a new level. When General Gaius Marius became consul, he changed the rule about soldiers having to own property to join the army. Poor people with hopes of gaining plunder through war joined the army. The army then became a private force devoted to Marius, not Rome itself. In 90 BC, Rome's allies wanted to obtain Roman citizenship, but the Senate refused. This led to the Social War. In the end the rebels were defeated, but the Senate granted them citizenship. In 88 BC General Lucius Cornelius Sulla became consul. Marius and his supporters did not want Sulla to command the military, as earlier consuls had. A civil war began. Sulla won and became dictator, executing all those who had opposed him. He paved the way for major changes in Rome's government. ROME BECOMES AN EMPIRE Within a generation of Sulla's death, the old Republic was practically gone. In 60 BC Julius Caesar, Gnaeus Pompey, and Licinius Crassus dominated the Roman state. Their rule became known as the First Triumvirate, or rule of three men. After Crassus's death, Caesar defeated Pompey and took total control of Rome. In 44 BC he became dictator for life. Caesar was murdered by a group of senators in a failed attempt to save the Republic. However, in 43 BC, the Second Triumvirate took power. Its members were Caesar's adopted son, Octavian, the officer Marc Antony, and the high priest Lepidus. Lepidus was pushed aside so that Antony and Octavian could each rule half of the empire. In time, civil war broke out between Antony and Octavian. Why were the Gracchi murdered? _______________________ _______________________ Underline the names of two Roman generals that became consuls. Underline the definition of triumvirate. List the three rulers of the Second Triumvirate. _______________________ _______________________ Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 6 65 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ Rome and Early Christianity Section 2 Octavian defeated Antony and his ally, Queen Cleopatra of Egypt, in 31 BC. When he took control of the empire, a new period in Roman history began. Octavian created a new political order known as the Principate. In 27 BC the Senate gave Octavian a title of honor: Augustus, or “the revered one,” the name by which he is still known today. Augustus remained the head of the state for more than 40 years. He took special care of Rome, initiated a vast building program, and presided over moral and religious reforms. Great writers such as the poet Virgil flourished in the Augustan Age. Augustus died in AD 41, and for the next 54 years relatives of Julius Caesar, called the Julio-Claudian Emperors, ruled Rome. The abilities of these emperors varied widely. After AD 68, a series of emperors known as the Flavians took control of Rome and reestablished order. After the Flavians came a dynasty of five leaders known as the Good Emperors. Most of them were from the provinces, rather than from Rome. During their rule, the empire reached its largest size and built fortifications against invaders. THE PAX ROMANA The period from the beginning of Augustus's reign in 27 BC until the death of Marcus Aurelius in AD 180 is often called the Pax Romana—the Roman Peace. Stable government, law, widespread trade, and an extensive network of roads helped the Romans build their empire and maintain peace. The Roman government was the strongest force in holding the empire together. The Roman Empire was divided into provinces with governors appointed from Rome. Through this provincial organization, the empire helped all Mediterranean cities become more alike, complete with local senates and magistrates. The stable system of Roman law also unified the empire. With few exceptions, the same laws applied to everyone in the empire. The empire also provided many opportunities for trade because of two factors: its many Mediterranean settlements and its extensive road network. However, most roads were used for military purposes, while the majority of goods were shipped by sea. Which Roman leader was given the title Augustus? _______________________ What aspects of the Pax Romana helped the Romans build the empire and maintain peace? _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 6 66 Interactive Reader and Study Guide