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Perfect Passive Participles Chapter 19 Perfect Passive Participle • A first/second declension adjective • No tricks! • Formed by replacing the –um of the supine of a verb with regular first/second declension endings –us, -a, -um, et cetera. The Su’whaty’pine?? • The supine of the verb can usually be found as the…. • FOURTH PRINCIPAL PART!! • Occultō, occultāre, occultāvī, occultātum • Videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum • Dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum • Audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum • Capiō, capere, cēpī, captum Forming the Perfect Passive Participle • Supine – um + (-us, a, um ending) =PPP • Ex. Masculine • Occultātum- um = Occultāt Occultāt +masculine endings Singular Plural Nominative Occultātus Occultātī Genitive Occultātī Occultātōrum Dative Occultātō Occultātīs Accusative Occultātum Occultātōs Ablative Occultātō Occultātīs Occultāt + feminine endings Singular Plural Nominative Occultāta Occultatae Genitive Occultātae Occultatārum Dative Occultātae Occultatīs Accusative Occultātam Occultatās Ablative Occultātā Occultatīs Occultāt + neuter endings Singular Plural Nominative Occultātum Occultata Genitive Occultātī Occultatōrum Dative Occultātō Occultatīs Accusative Occultātum Occultata Ablative Occultātō Occultatīs You try with capiō, capere, cēpī, captum, masculine Singular Plural Nominative Captus Captī Genitive Captī Captōrum Dative Captō Captīs Accusative Captum Captōs Ablative Captō Captīs You try with capiō, capere, cēpī, captum, feminine Singular Plural Nominative Capta Captae Genitive Captae Captārum Dative Captae Captīs Accusative Captam Captās Ablative Captā Captīs You try with capiō, capere, cēpī, captum, neuter Singular Plural Nominative Captum Capta Genitive Captī Captōrum Dative Captō Captīs Accusative Captum Capta Ablative Captō Captīs Participles • Participles are forms of verbs used as adjectives. Latin has four different participles, which are used extensively because of their ability to convey much meaning in little space. English usually needs an entire clause to say what a Latin participle can in one word. Participles • Verbal adjectives – Adjectives because they match the noun they Case Number modify in ___________, __________, and Gender ____________. Also can be used as substantives and even as comparatives. – Verbs because they have tense and voice Participles English • Present Active – Chewing • Past Passive – Chewed Latin • Two Active – Present and Future • Two Passive – Perfect and Future Tenses • Tenses assigned to participles are not the same as for regular verb forms. The tenses of a participle are relative. • Present participles show action happening at the same time as the main verb. • Perfect participles show action that happened before the main verb. • Future participles show action that will happen after the main verb. The Perfect Passive Participle • Always refers to something that occurred before the main verb. • They are passive, so whatever they refer to received the action rather than performed it. • Allow Latin to express in a single word what would require a phrase in English. – Especially when used as a substantive Easy-Mac Translation • Use “having been” before the English past participle – Vīsus, vīsa, vīsum- having been seen, seen – Vocātus, vocāta, vocātum- having been called, called – Aedificātus, aedificāta, aedificātum- having been built, built – Quaesītus, quaesīta, quaesītum- having been sought, sought Mīlitibus vocātīs praemia māgna imperātor dabit. Dabit is in the future. The ppp refers to some time before the action of this future verb. First the solider will be called, then the general will give them the rewards. To the soldiers having been called/ summoned the general will give large rewards. (or) To the called/ summoned soldiers the general will give large rewards. Vocātus ab imperātōre vēnit. • Main verb is in the present tense. Vocātus refers to a time even before vēnit i.e., first the man was called by the general, then (obeying the call) he came. • Having been called by the general, he came. (or) Called by the general, he came. Homework • Exercise 1 in your packet